2: Environmental Chemistry
- Page ID
- 108611
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Environmental chemistry is an interdisciplinary science that includes atmospheric, aquatic and soil chemistry, as well as heavily relying on analytical chemistry and being related to environmental and other areas of science. Environmental chemistry is the study of chemical processes occurring in the environment which are impacted by humankind's activities.
- 2.1: Geochemistry (Lower)
- Geochemistry is the study of the composition and chemical changes that take place on the Earth and within its major divisions: the lithosphere, atmosphere, hydrosphere, and biosphere. Environmental chemistry focuses more specifically on the transport of substances within and between these geospheres and their subdivisions, with special emphasis on the effects brought about by the activities of humans.
- Front Matter
- Licensing
- 2.1.1: The Earth and its Lithosphere
- 2.1.1.1: Composition and Structure of the Earth
- 2.1.1.2: Origin of the Elements
- 2.1.1.3: Formation and evolution of the Earth
- 2.1.1.4: The Earth's crust
- 2.1.2: The Hydrosphere
- 2.1.2.1: Water, Water Everywhere...
- 2.1.2.2: The hydrosphere and the oceans
- 2.1.2.3: Chemistry and geochemistry of the oceans
- 2.1.2.4: Chemical budgets of oceanic elements
- 2.1.3: The Atmosphere
- 2.1.3.1: Structure and Composition of the Atmosphere
- 2.1.3.2: Origin and Evolution of the Atmosphere
- 2.1.4: The Biosphere
- 2.1.4.1: Chemistry and Energetics of the Life Process
- 2.1.4.2: Biogeochemical Evolution
- 2.1.4.3: Gaia - Bioregulation of the Environment
- 2.2: Supplemental Modules (Environmental Chemistry)
- 2.2.1: Acid Rain
- 2.2.1.1: Acid Rain
- 2.2.1.2: Acid Rain Transport
- 2.2.1.3: Acid Snow
- 2.2.1.4: Electricity Generation
- 2.2.1.5: Playground 1
- 2.2.1.6: Sources of Nitrogen Oxides
- 2.2.1.7: Sources of Sulfur Oxides
- 2.2.2: Aquatic Chemistry
- 2.2.2.1: 1. Acid-Base Chemistry of Natural Aquatic Systems
- 2.2.2.2: 2. Carbonate Equilibria in Natural Waters
- 2.2.2.3: 3. Redox Equilibria in Natural Waters
- 2.2.2.4: 4. Solids in Contact With Natural Waters
- 2.2.2.5: Fundamental Characteristics of Water
- 2.2.2.6: Natural Water
- 2.2.2.7: Water Biology
- 2.2.2.8: Water Chemistry
- 2.2.2.9: Water Physics
- 2.2.2.10: Water Treatment
- 2.2.3: Atmospheric Chemistry
- 2.2.3.1: Atmosphere
- 2.2.3.2: Carbon Cycle
- 2.2.3.3: Carbon Oxides
- 2.2.3.4: Ozone
- 2.2.3.5: Photosynthesis
- 2.2.4: Biochemical Cycles
- 2.2.4.1: Biochemical Cycles
- 2.2.4.2: Carbon Cycle
- 2.2.4.3: Nitrogen Cycle
- 2.4: Key Elements of Green Chemistry (Lucia)
- Green chemistry, in addition to being a science, it is also a philosophy and nearly a religion. Attendance at American Chemical Society Green Chemistry & Engineering Conferences will instill such an ideal into any attendant because of the nearly universal appeal and possibilities in this novel approach to radicalizing the business of doing science and engineering.
- Front Matter
- Licensing
- 2.4.1: Key Elements of Green Chemistry
- 2.4.1.1: Introduction to Green Chemistry
- 2.4.1.2: Green Chemistry Concepts
- 2.4.1.3: Case Study
- 2.4.1.4: Conclusions and Review
- 2.4.2: Life-Cycle Analysis
- 2.4.2.1: Introduction to Life Cycles
- 2.4.2.2: LCA/LCIA Concepts
- 2.4.2.3: Conclusions and Review
- 2.4.3: Hazards
- 2.4.3.1: Introduction to Hazards of Chemistry
- 2.4.3.2: Hazard Concepts
- 2.4.3.3: Case Study - Badger Army Ammunition Plant
- 2.4.3.4: Green Technologies for Safer Chemical Production
- 2.4.3.5: Conclusions and Review Questions
- 2.4.4: Alternative Solvents
- 2.4.4.1: Introduction to Solvents
- 2.4.4.2: Solvent Concepts
- 2.4.4.3: Solvent Alternatives
- 2.4.4.4: Conclusions and Review
- 2.4.5: Alternative Reagants
- 2.4.5.1: Introduction to Reagants
- 2.4.5.2: Reagant Concepts
- 2.4.5.3: Specific Replacements
- 2.4.5.4: Conclusions and Review
- 2.4.6: Reaction Types, Design, and Efficiency
- 2.4.6.1: Introduction to Reactions
- 2.4.6.2: Reaction Concepts
- 2.4.6.3: Reaction Design Concepts
- 2.4.6.4: Conclusions and Review
- Back Matter
- Detailed Licensing
- 2.5: Green Chemistry and the Ten Commandments of Sustainability (Manahan)
- Green Chemistry seeks to present a body of chemical knowledge from the most fundamental level within a framework of the relationship of chemical science to human beings, their surroundings, and their environment. This book discusses real-world chemistry, introducing chemical principles as needed.
- Front Matter
- Licensing
- 2.5.1: Sustainability and the Environment
- 2.5.1.1: Sustainability
- 2.5.1.2: The Environment and the Five Environmental Sphere
- 2.5.1.3: Seeing Green
- 2.5.1.4: Natural Capital of the Earth
- 2.5.1.5: Sustainability as a Group Effort- It Takes a (Very Big) Village
- 2.5.1.6: Sustainable Energy- Away from the Sun and Back Again
- 2.5.1.7: Green Science
- 2.5.1.8: Green Technology
- 2.5.1.9: Sustainability and the Eco-Economy
- 2.5.1.10: Green Products and Services- Design for Sustainability
- 2.5.1.11: Questions and Problems
- 2.5.2: The Key Role of Chemistry and Making Chemistry Green
- 2.5.2.1: Chemistry is Good (and Unavoidable)
- 2.5.2.2: The Environment and its Chemistry
- 2.5.2.3: What is Environmental Chemistry?
- 2.5.2.4: Environmental Pollution
- 2.5.2.5: Practice of Green Chemistry
- 2.5.2.6: Green Chemistry and Synthetic Chemistry
- 2.5.2.7: Reduction of Risk- Hazard and Exposure
- 2.5.2.8: The Risks of No Risks
- 2.5.2.9: Waste Prevention
- 2.5.2.10: Basic Principles of Green Chemistry
- 2.5.2.11: Some Things to Know About Chemistry before You Even Start
- 2.5.2.12: Combining Atoms to Make Molecules and Compounds
- 2.5.2.13: The process of making and breaking chemical bonds- chemical reactions
- 2.5.2.14: The Nature of Matter and States of Matter
- 2.5.2.15: References and Questions
- 2.5.3: The Elements - Basic Building Blocks of Green Chemicals
- 2.5.3.1: Elements, Atoms, and Atomic Theory
- 2.5.3.2: Hydrogen - The Simplest Atom
- 2.5.3.3: Helium - The First Noble Gas
- 2.5.3.4: Lithium, The First Metal
- 2.5.3.5: The Second Period of the Periodic Table
- 2.5.3.6: The Magic Octet of 8 Outer-Shell Electrons
- 2.5.3.7: Completing the 20-Element Periodic Table
- 2.5.3.8: The Brief Periodic Table is Complete
- 2.5.3.E: The Elements - Basic Building Blocks of Green Chemicals (Exercises)
- 2.5.3.R: References
- 2.5.4: Compounds- Safer Materials for a Safer World
- 2.5.4.1: Chemical Bonds and Compound Formation
- 2.5.4.2: Electrons Involved in Chemical Bonds and Octets of Electrons
- 2.5.4.3: Sodium Chloride and Ionic Bonds
- 2.5.4.4: Covalent Bonds in H2 and Other Molecules
- 2.5.4.5: Covalent Bonds in Compounds
- 2.5.4.6: Covalent Bonds and Green Chemistry
- 2.5.4.7: Predicting Formulas of Covalently Bound Compounds
- 2.5.4.8: Chemical Formulas, the Mole, and Percentage Composition
- 2.5.4.9: What Are Chemical Compounds Called?
- 2.5.4.10: Acids, Bases and Salts
- 2.5.4.11: Questions and Problems
- 2.5.5: Chemical Reactions- Making Materials Safely and Sustainable
- 2.5.5.1: Describing What Happens with Chemical Equations
- 2.5.5.2: Balancing Chemical Equations
- 2.5.5.3: Just Because You Can Write It Doesn't Mean That It Will Happen
- 2.5.5.4: Yield And Atom Economy in Chemical Reactions
- 2.5.5.5: Catalysts That Make Reactions Go
- 2.5.5.6: Kinds of Chemical Reactions
- 2.5.5.7: Oxidation-Reduction Reactions and Green Chemistry
- 2.5.5.8: Quantitative Information from Chemical Reactions
- 2.5.5.9: Energy in Chemical Reactions
- 2.5.5.10: Stoichiometry by the Mole Ratio Method
- 2.5.5.11: Limiting Reactant and Percent Yield
- 2.5.5.12: Titrations - Measuring Moles by Volume of Solution
- 2.5.5.13: Industrial Chemical Reactions - The Solvay Process
- 2.5.5.14: Questions and Problems
- 2.5.6: The Wonderful World of Carbon - Organic Chemistry and Biochemicals
- 2.5.6.1: Rings and Chains of Carbon Atoms
- 2.5.6.2: Compounds of Carbon and Hydrogen - Hydrocarbons
- 2.5.6.3: Using Lines To Show Organic Structural Formulas
- 2.5.6.4: Functional Groups
- 2.5.6.5: Giant Molecules from Small Organic Molecules
- 2.5.6.6: Questions and Problems
- 2.5.6.7: Supplementary References
- 2.5.7: Chemistry of Life and Green Chemistry
- 2.5.7.1: Green Biochemistry
- 2.5.7.2: Biochemistry and the Cells
- 2.5.7.3: Carbohydrates
- 2.5.7.4: Proteins
- 2.5.7.5: Lipids - Fats, Oils, and Hormones
- 2.5.7.6: Nucleic Acids
- 2.5.7.7: Enzymes
- 2.5.7.8: Biochemical Processes in Metabolism
- 2.5.7.9: Biochemistry of Toxic Substances and Toxicological Chemistry
- 2.5.7.10: Literature Cited
- 2.5.7.11: Questions and Problems
- 2.5.7.12: Supplementary References
- 2.5.8: The Five Environmental Spheres and Biogeochemical Cycle
- 2.5.8.1: Five Environmental Spheres
- 2.5.8.2: The Hydrosphere
- 2.5.8.3: The Atmosphere
- 2.5.8.4: The Geosphere
- 2.5.8.5: The Biosphere
- 2.5.8.6: The Anthrosphere
- 2.5.8.7: Cycles of Matter
- 2.5.8.8: Questions and Problems
- 2.5.8.9: Supplementary References
- 2.5.9: Water - the Ultimate Green Substance
- 2.5.9.1: H₂O - Simple Formula, Remarkable Molecule
- 2.5.9.2: Occurrence, Availability , and Utilization of Water on Earth
- 2.5.9.3: Water Chemistry
- 2.5.9.4: Water Pollution
- 2.5.9.5: Greening of Water - Purification Before Use
- 2.5.9.6: Wastewater Treatment
- 2.5.9.7: Advanced Wastewater Treatment and Recycling
- 2.5.9.8: The Many Uses of Water
- 2.5.9.9: Hot Water - Pressurized Subcritical Water
- 2.5.9.10: Supercritical Water
- 2.5.9.11: Literature Cited
- 2.5.9.12: Questions and Problems
- 2.5.9.13: Supplementary References
- 2.5.10: Blue Skies for a Green Environment
- 2.5.10.1: More Than Just Air to Breathe
- 2.5.10.2: The Gas Laws
- 2.5.10.3: The Protective Atmosphere
- 2.5.10.4: Atmospheric Chemistry and Photochemical Reactions
- 2.5.10.5: The Enormous Importance of Climate
- 2.5.10.6: Atmospheric Particle Pollutants
- 2.5.10.7: Pollutant Gaseous Oxides
- 2.5.10.8: Acid Rain
- 2.5.10.9: Miscellaneous Gases in the Atmosphere
- 2.5.10.10: Photochemical Smog
- 2.5.10.11: Natural Capital of the Atmosphere
- 2.5.10.12: Energy and Mass Transfer in the Atmosphere
- 2.5.10.13: Questions and Problems
- 2.5.10.14: Supplementary References
- 2.5.11: The Geosphere and a Green Earth
- 2.5.11.1: Probing Deep into the Geosphere - A Well Too Far?
- 2.5.11.2: The Nature of the Geosphere
- 2.5.11.3: The Geosphere as a Source of Natural Capital
- 2.5.11.4: Environmental Hazards of the Geosphere
- 2.5.11.5: Water on and in the Geosphere
- 2.5.11.6: Anthrospheric Influences on the Geosphere
- 2.5.11.7: The Geosphere as a Waste Repository
- 2.5.11.8: Have You Thanked a Clod Today?
- 2.5.11.9: Plant Nutrients and Fertilizers in Soil
- 2.5.11.10: Soil and Plants Related To Wastes and Pollutants
- 2.5.11.11: Soil Loss - Desertification and Deforestation
- 2.5.11.12: Literature Cited and Supplementary References
- 2.5.11.13: Questions and Problems
- 2.5.12: The Biosphere and the Role of Green Chemistry in Feeding a Hungry World
- 2.5.12.1: Pigweed’s Revenge
- 2.5.12.2: The Biosphere
- 2.5.12.3: Cells - Basic Units of Life
- 2.5.12.4: Metabolism and Control in Organisms
- 2.5.12.5: Reproduction and Inherited Traits
- 2.5.12.6: Stability and Equilibrium of the Biosphere
- 2.5.12.7: DNA and the Human Genome
- 2.5.12.8: Genetic Engineering
- 2.5.12.9: Biological Interaction with Environmental Chemicals
- 2.5.12.10: Biodegradation
- 2.5.12.11: Production of Food and Fiber by the Biosphere - Agriculture
- 2.5.12.12: Agricultural Applications of Genetically Modified Organisms
- 2.5.12.13: The Anthrosphere in Support of the Biosphere
- 2.5.12.14: Livestock and their Wastes
- 2.5.12.15: Questions and Problems
- 2.5.12.16: Supplementary References
- 2.5.13: The Anthrosphere, Industrial Ecology, and Green Chemistry
- 2.5.13.1: Industrial Ecology and Industrial Ecosystems
- 2.5.13.2: Metabolic Processes in Industrial Ecosystems
- 2.5.13.3: Life Cycles in Industrial Ecosystems
- 2.5.13.4: Kinds of Products
- 2.5.13.5: Attributes Required by an Industrial Ecosystem
- 2.5.13.6: The Kalundborg Industrial Ecosystem
- 2.5.13.7: Environmental Impacts of Industrial Ecosystems
- 2.5.13.8: Green Chemistry and Industrial Ecology
- 2.5.13.9: Predicting and Reducing Hazards
- 2.5.13.10: The E-Factor in Green Chemistry
- 2.5.13.11: Catalysts and Catalysis
- 2.5.13.12: Biocatalysis with Enzymes
- 2.5.13.13: Energizing Chemical Reactions and Process Intensification
- 2.5.13.14: Solvents and Alternate Reaction Media
- 2.5.13.15: Feedstocks and Reagents
- 2.5.13.16: Literature Cited and Supplementary References
- 2.5.13.17: Questions and Problems
- 2.5.14: Feeding the Anthrosphere- Utilizing Renewable and Biological Materials
- 2.5.14.1: Feeding the Anthrosphere
- 2.5.14.2: Utilization of Feedstocks
- 2.5.14.3: Biological Feedstocks
- 2.5.14.4: Biological Sources of Chemicals
- 2.5.14.5: Biorefineries and Biomass Utilization
- 2.5.14.6: Monosaccharide Feedstocks - Glucose, Fructose, and Xylose
- 2.5.14.7: Cellulose
- 2.5.14.8: Feedstocks from Cellulose Wastes
- 2.5.14.9: Lignin
- 2.5.14.10: Direct Biosynthesis of Polymers
- 2.5.14.11: Bioconversion Processes for Synthetic Chemicals
- 2.5.14.12: Bamboo - Ancient Material for the Future
- 2.5.14.13: Literature Cited
- 2.5.14.14: Questions and Problems
- 2.5.15: Sustainable Energy- The Essential Basis of Green Systems
- 2.5.15.1: Sustainability and Energy
- 2.5.15.2: What is Energy?
- 2.5.15.3: Radiant Energy from the Sun
- 2.5.15.4: Sources of Energy Used in the Anthrosphere
- 2.5.15.5: Conversions Between Forms of Energy
- 2.5.15.6: Green Technology for Energy Conversion
- 2.5.15.7: Energy Conservation
- 2.5.15.8: Depletable Fossil Fuels
- 2.5.15.9: Carbon Sequestration for Fossil Fuel Utilization
- 2.5.15.10: Nuclear Energy
- 2.5.15.11: Renewable Energy Sources - Solar Energy
- 2.5.15.12: Energy from Wind and Water
- 2.5.15.13: Biomass Energy
- 2.5.15.14: Geothermal Energy
- 2.5.15.15: Hydrogen for Energy Storage and Utilization
- 2.5.15.16: Literature Cited and Supplementary References
- 2.5.15.17: Questions and Problems
- 2.5.16: Terrorism, Toxicity, and Vulnerability- Green Chemistry and Technology in Defense of Human Welfare
- 2.5.16.1: Vulnerability to Terrorist Attack
- 2.5.16.2: Protecting the Anthrosphere
- 2.5.16.3: Substances That Explode, Burn, or React Violently
- 2.5.16.4: Toxic Substances and Toxicology
- 2.5.16.5: Toxic Chemical Attack
- 2.5.16.6: Protecting Water, Food, and Air
- 2.5.16.7: Detecting Hazards
- 2.5.16.8: Green Chemistry to Combat Terrorism
- 2.5.16.9: Green Chemistry for Sustainable Prosperity and a Safer World
- 2.5.16.10: Green Chemistry to Combat Terrorism
- 2.5.16.11: Green Chemistry for Sustainable Prosperity and and a Safer World
- 2.5.16.12: Literature Cited
- 2.5.16.13: Questions and Problems
- 2.5.17: The Ten Commandments of Sustainability and Sensible Measure
- 2.5.17.1: We Cannot Go on Like This
- 2.5.17.2: The First Commandment
- 2.5.17.3: The Second Commandment
- 2.5.17.4: The Third Commandment
- 2.5.17.5: The Fourth Commandment
- 2.5.17.6: The Fifth Commandment
- 2.5.17.7: The Sixth Commandment
- 2.5.17.8: The Seventh Commandment
- 2.5.17.9: The Ninth Commandment
- 2.5.17.10: The Tenth Commandment
- 2.5.17.11: Some Sensible Measures for Sustainability
- 2.5.17.12: The Eighth Commandment
- 2.5.17.13: Literature Cited
- 2.5.17.14: Questions and Problems
- 2.5.17.15: Supplementary References
- Back Matter
- Detailed Licensing
- 2.6: Toxicology MSDT
- One of the challenges of recruiting undergraduates into the toxicology graduate research programs is a lack toxicology training programs and courses at the undergraduate level. Course content developed through this program are accessible to the general public. The intent is to provide content where other undergraduate students, K-12 educators, and the interested public encounter content providing an introduction to the discipline of toxicology.
- Front Matter
- Licensing
- Preface
- 2.6.1: Pathophysiology
- 2.6.1.1: What is Pathophysiology?
- 2.6.1.2: Outcomes of Targeted and Non-Targeted Toxicity
- 2.6.1.3: Cellular Response to Toxicant-Induced Injury
- 2.6.1.4: Repair and Adaptation
- 2.6.1.5: Patterns of Toxic Injury
- 2.6.1.6: Final Evaluation
- 2.6.2: Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics
- 2.6.2.1: Introduction to Biomolecules and Cell Components
- 2.6.2.2: Cell Structure and Subcellular Compartments
- 2.6.2.3: DNA and RNA Metabolism
- 2.6.2.4: Epigenetic Mechanisms
- 2.6.2.5: Section 2 Final Evaluation
- 2.6.3: Principles of Genetic Toxicology
- 2.6.3.1: Introduction to Genetic-toxicology Assay
- 2.6.3.2: Different Genetic Damages or Mutations
- 2.6.3.3: Different Genetic-Toxicology Assays
- 2.6.3.4: Different Cytotoxicity Assays
- 2.6.3.5: Epigenetics Assay
- 2.6.3.6: Section 3 Final Evaluation
- 2.6.4: Applied Systems Toxicology
- 2.6.4.1: Systems Toxicology
- 2.6.4.2: Dose Level and Applied Toxicology
- 2.6.4.3: Tools and Technologies in Systems Toxicology
- 2.6.4.4: Other Approaches for Predictive Toxicity Modeling
- 2.6.4.5: Technologies Used In Systems Biology/Toxicology
- 2.6.4.6: Takeaways Summary
- 2.6.4.7: Section 4 Final Evaluation
- 2.6.5: Regulatory Toxicology
- 2.6.5.1: Introduction to Regulatory Toxicology
- 2.6.5.2: Global Regulatory Toxicology
- 2.6.5.3: Topic 3- Regional Regulatory Toxicology
- 2.6.5.4: National Regulatory Toxicology
- 2.6.5.5: State Regulatory Toxicology
- 2.6.5.6: Non-Governmental Regulatory Toxicology
- 2.6.5.7: Section 5 Final Evaluation
- 2.6.6: Principles of Toxicology
- 2.6.6.1: Introduction to Toxicology
- 2.6.6.1.1: What is toxicology?
- 2.6.6.1.2: Basic Terminology
- 2.6.6.2: Dose and Dose Response
- 2.6.6.2.1: Dose and It's Impact on Toxicity
- 2.6.6.2.2: The Dose Response Relationship
- 2.6.6.2.3: Dose Estimates of Toxic Effects
- 2.6.6.2.4: Determining the Safety of a Drug
- 2.6.6.2.5: NOAEL and LOAEL
- 2.6.6.3: Toxic Effects
- 2.6.6.3.1: Types of Toxic Effects
- 2.6.6.3.2: Factors Affecting Toxicity
- 2.6.6.3.3: Systemic Toxic Effects
- 2.6.6.3.4: Organ Specific Toxic Effects
- 2.6.6.4: Interactions
- 2.6.6.4.1: Interactions
- 2.6.6.5: Toxicity Testing Methods
- 2.6.6.5.1: Testing and Assessing Toxicity
- 2.6.6.5.2: Clinical Investigations and Other Types of Human Data
- 2.6.6.5.3: Epidemiology Studies
- 2.6.6.6: Risk Assessment
- 2.6.6.6.1: Risk Assessment
- 2.6.6.6.2: Hazard Identification
- 2.6.6.6.3: Dose-Response Assessment
- 2.6.6.6.4: Exposure Assessment
- 2.6.6.6.5: Risk Characterization
- 2.6.6.7: Exposure Standards and Guidelines
- 2.6.6.7.1: Exposure Standards and Guidelines
- 2.6.6.7.2: Regulation of Consumer Products and Drug Safety
- 2.6.6.7.3: Environmental Exposure Standards/Guidelines
- 2.6.6.7.4: Occupational (Workplace) Exposure Standards/Guidelines/Approaches
- 2.6.6.8: Basic Physiology
- 2.6.6.8.1: Introduction to Basic Physiology
- 2.6.6.8.2: Homeostasis
- 2.6.6.8.3: Organs and Organ Systems
- 2.6.6.8.4: Tissues
- 2.6.6.8.5: Cells
- 2.6.6.8.6: Chemicals
- 2.6.6.9: Introduction to Toxicokinetics
- 2.6.6.9.1: What is Toxicokinetics
- 2.6.6.10: Absorption
- 2.6.6.10.1: Introduction to Absorption
- 2.6.6.10.2: Gastrointestinal Tract
- 2.6.6.10.3: Respiratory Tract
- 2.6.6.10.4: Dermal Route
- 2.6.6.10.5: Other Routes of Exposure
- 2.6.6.11: Distribution
- 2.6.6.11.1: Introduction to Distribution
- 2.6.6.11.2: Influence of Route of Exposure
- 2.6.6.11.3: Disposition Models
- 2.6.6.11.4: Structural Barriers to Distribution
- 2.6.6.11.5: Storage Sites
- 2.6.6.12: Biotransformation
- 2.6.6.12.1: Introduction to Biotransformation
- 2.6.6.12.2: Chemical Reactions
- 2.6.6.12.3: Biotransformation Sites
- 2.6.6.12.4: Modifiers of Biotransformation
- 2.6.6.13: Excretion
- 2.6.6.13.1: Introduction to Secretion
- 2.6.6.13.2: Urinary Excretion
- 2.6.6.13.3: Fecal Excretion
- 2.6.6.13.4: Exhaled Air
- 2.6.6.13.5: Other Routes
- 2.6.6.14: Cellular Toxicology
- 2.6.6.14.1: Adaptation
- 2.6.6.14.2: Cell Damage and Tissue Repair
- 2.6.6.14.3: Cancer
- 2.6.6.14.4: Neurotoxicity
- 2.6.6.15: Intuitive Toxicology and Risk Communication
- 2.6.6.15.1: Intuitive Toxicology
- 2.6.6.15.2: Risk Communication
- 2.6.6.16: Environmental Toxicology, Environmental Health, and One Health
- 2.6.6.16.1: Environmental Toxicology
- 2.6.6.16.2: Environmental Health
- 2.6.6.16.3: One Health
- 2.6.6.17: Conclusion
- Back Matter
- Detailed Licensing
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