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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.02%3A_Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/2.2.03%3A_Atmospheric_Chemistry/2.2.3.02%3A_Carbon_CycleA scientist and an engineer may be called upon to solve a particular problem involving coal (carbon), gasoline (hydrocarbon), combustion of carbon or carbon containing fuel, lime stone, sea shells, ca...A scientist and an engineer may be called upon to solve a particular problem involving coal (carbon), gasoline (hydrocarbon), combustion of carbon or carbon containing fuel, lime stone, sea shells, carbon monoxide, or carbon dioxide. When we formulate a solution, we should be aware of the impact not only of the problem, but also of the solution for such a problem. Otherwise, the solution may result in a problem that is more expensive to solve later. Thus, it is important to know how carbon evolv
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.01%3A_Geochemistry_(Lower)/2.1.02%3A_The_HydrosphereWater is the most abundant substance at the earth’s surface. Almost all of it is in the oceans, which cover 70% of the surface area of the earth. However, the amounts of water present in the atmospher...Water is the most abundant substance at the earth’s surface. Almost all of it is in the oceans, which cover 70% of the surface area of the earth. However, the amounts of water present in the atmosphere and on land (as surface runoff, lakes and streams) is great enough to make it a significant agent in transporting substances between the lithosphere and the oceans.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.01%3A_Geochemistry_(Lower)/2.1.02%3A_The_Hydrosphere/2.1.2.04%3A_Chemical_budgets_of_oceanic_elementsCarbon enters the ocean from both the atmosphere (as CO 2 ) and river water, in which the principal species is HCO 3 – . Once in solution, the carbonate species are in equilibrium with each other and ...Carbon enters the ocean from both the atmosphere (as CO 2 ) and river water, in which the principal species is HCO 3 – . Once in solution, the carbonate species are in equilibrium with each other and with H 3 O + , and the concentrations of all of these are influenced by the partial pressure of atmospheric CO 2 . The mass budget for calcium is linked to that of carbon through solubility equilibria with the various solid forms of CaCO 3 (mainly calcite).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.01%3A_Geochemistry_(Lower)/2.1.02%3A_The_Hydrosphere/2.1.2.03%3A_Chemistry_and_geochemistry_of_the_oceansThe CO 2 and volcanic gases in rainwater react with this material to form a solution of the metal ion and HCO 3 – , in which is suspended some hydrated SiO 2 . The solid material left behind is a clay...The CO 2 and volcanic gases in rainwater react with this material to form a solution of the metal ion and HCO 3 – , in which is suspended some hydrated SiO 2 . The solid material left behind is a clay such as kaolinite, Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 . This first forms as a friable coating on the surface of the weathered rock; later it becomes a soil material, then an alluvial deposit, and finally it may reach the sea as a suspended sediment.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.02%3A_Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/2.2.03%3A_Atmospheric_ChemistryAtmospheric chemistry is a branch of atmospheric science in which the chemistry of the Earth's atmosphere and that of other planets is studied. Contributors and Attributions Template:Contribchieh
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.02%3A_Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/2.2.02%3A_Aquatic_Chemistry/2.2.2.04%3A_4._Solids_in_Contact_With_Natural_Watershttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/pdf/c3solids.pdf
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.02%3A_Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/2.2.04%3A_Biochemical_Cycles/2.2.4.03%3A_Nitrogen_CycleNitrogen in the air becomes a part of biological matter mostly through the actions of bacteria and algae in a process known as nitrogen fixation. Legume plants such as clover, alfalfa, and soybeans fo...Nitrogen in the air becomes a part of biological matter mostly through the actions of bacteria and algae in a process known as nitrogen fixation. Legume plants such as clover, alfalfa, and soybeans form nodules on the roots where nitrogen fixing bacteria take nitrogen from the air and convert it into ammonia, NH3. The ammonia is further converted by other bacteria first into nitrite ions and then into nitrate ions.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.02%3A_Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/2.2.02%3A_Aquatic_Chemistry/2.2.2.08%3A_Water_ChemistryWater is an unusual compound with unique physical properties. As a result, its the compound of life. Yet, its the most abundant compound in the biosphere of Earth. These properties are related to its ...Water is an unusual compound with unique physical properties. As a result, its the compound of life. Yet, its the most abundant compound in the biosphere of Earth. These properties are related to its electronic structure, bonding, and chemistry. However, due to its affinity for a variety of substances, ordinary water contains other substances. Few of us has used, seen or tested pure water, based on which we discuss its chemistry.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.01%3A_Geochemistry_(Lower)/2.1.01%3A_The_Earth_and_its_Lithosphere/2.1.1.01%3A_Composition_and_Structure_of_the_EarthHydrogen is the least thermodynamically stable of the elements, and at very high temperatures will combine with itself in a reaction known as nuclear fusion to form the next element, 2 He 4 . "Heavier...Hydrogen is the least thermodynamically stable of the elements, and at very high temperatures will combine with itself in a reaction known as nuclear fusion to form the next element, 2 He 4 . "Heavier" nuclei (that is , those having high atomic numbers, indicated here by the subscript preceding the element symbol), are more stable than "lighter" ones, so this fusion process can continue up to 56 Fe, which is the most energetically stable of all the nuclides.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.01%3A_Geochemistry_(Lower)/2.1.04%3A_The_Biosphere/2.1.4.02%3A_Biogeochemical_EvolutionPresent evidence suggests that blue-green algae, and possibly other primitive microbial forms of life, were flourishing 3 billion years ago. This brackets the origin of life to within one billion year...Present evidence suggests that blue-green algae, and possibly other primitive microbial forms of life, were flourishing 3 billion years ago. This brackets the origin of life to within one billion years; prior to 4 billion years ago, surface temperatures were probably above the melting point of iron, and there was no atmosphere nor hydrosphere.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.02%3A_Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/2.2.01%3A_Acid_RainAcid rain or acid snow is a direct result of the method that the atmosphere cleans itself. The tiny droplets of water that make up clouds, continuously capture suspended solid particles and gases in t...Acid rain or acid snow is a direct result of the method that the atmosphere cleans itself. The tiny droplets of water that make up clouds, continuously capture suspended solid particles and gases in the atmosphere. The gases of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides are chemically converted into sulfuric and nitric acids. The non-metal oxide gases react with water to produce acids (ammonia produces a base).
