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28: Biosignaling - Capstone Volume I

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    Return to Fundamentals of Biochemistry     Search Fundamentals of Biochemistry

    • 28.1: General Features of Signal Transduction
      The page provides a comprehensive overview of cell signaling tailored for biochemistry students. It delineates the process of signal transduction, emphasizing the cellular response to external signals and the crucial roles of receptors and second messengers. It discusses the intricacies of logic gates in cellular signaling and the post-translational modifications of proteins.
    • 28.2: At the cell membrane- receptors and receptor enzymes
      The page explores detailed cell signaling processes starting at the cell membrane and moving to intracellular components like the nucleus, examining the structural features and functions of cell membrane receptors. It focuses on different receptor classes, including GPCRs and receptor tyrosine kinases, elaborating on their roles in signal transduction, receptor activation mechanisms, and downstream signaling pathways.
    • 28.3: The Next step - The Kinome and Activation of Kinases at the Cell Membrane
      This page explores the fundamentals of biochemistry with a focus on protein kinases, cellular signaling, and the kinome. It covers the diversity and structural features of kinases, how they are activated and regulated, including the detailed mechanisms of the kinome, kinases like Protein Kinase A, Protein Kinase C, and Akt, and their roles in signal transduction related to health and disease.
    • 28.4: The next step - Downsteam intracellular signaling
      This document provides a comprehensive overview of intracellular signaling, focusing on various pathways such as those mediated by PKA, PKC, AKAPs, RTKs, JAK/STAT, and Src family kinases, as well as MAPK cascades. It discusses the components involved in signal transduction, their mechanisms of activation and regulation, and the integration of different pathways to generate specific cellular responses.
    • 28.5: Small G proteins, GAPs and GEFs
      This page delves into the intricacies of small G proteins, their regulatory mechanisms, and their roles in cellular signaling with an emphasis on biochemical pathways involving Ras proteins. It explains the functions of GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) and guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) in regulating small G proteins.
    • 28.6: Phosphatases
      This page discusses the fundamentals of biochemistry, specifically focusing on phosphatases and their roles in cellular signaling. Learning goals include understanding how phosphatases remove phosphate groups from proteins, classifying major phosphatase families, and examining the structural basis of phosphatase function.
    • 28.7: Calcium Signaling
      This page provides an in-depth exploration of calcium signaling in cellular processes, focusing on its role as a universal second messenger. Key areas include the regulation and dynamics of intracellular calcium levels, the function of calcium-binding proteins like calmodulin, and the integration of calcium signaling into cellular physiology. It also discusses the pathological implications of calcium dysregulation and explores therapeutic strategies targeting the calcium signaling pathway.
    • 28.8: Receptor Guanylyl Cyclases, cGMP, and Protein Kinase G
      This page delves into the roles of receptor guanylyl cyclases in signal transduction, emphasizing their conversion of GTP to cGMP and their influence on intracellular signaling. It explores the structure and activation mechanisms of receptor guanylyl cyclases and discusses the synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) and its role in cGMP production.
    • 28.9: Gated Ion Channels - Neural Signaling
      This page provides comprehensive insights into the role of gated ion channels in neural signaling, differentiating between their types, and analyzing their structure-function relationships. It explains mechanisms underlying ion flux and action potential generation, and integrates this with neural circuit function.
    • 28.10: Integrins- Bidirectional Cell Adhesion Receptors
      The page provides an in-depth overview of integrins, focusing on their structural composition, mechanisms of activation, and role in cellular functions such as adhesion and signaling. It outlines the importance of integrins in various physiological processes like inflammation and angiogenesis, highlighting their role as heterodimeric receptors with ?? and ?? subunits.
    • 28.11: Signaling by Steroid Hormones
      The page outlines learning goals for understanding steroid hormones and their action mechanisms, emphasizing their lipid-soluble nature, ability to cross cell membranes, and binding to intracellular receptors. It describes how these complexes modulate gene transcription, implying broader physiological and pathological impacts.
    • 28.12: mTOR and Nutrient Signaling
      The page on "mTOR and Nutrient Signaling" for biochemistry majors outlines learning goals to understand the role of mTOR as a regulator of cell growth and metabolism. Key areas include understanding the structure and function of mTOR complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2), the upstream nutrient signals affecting mTOR activity, and the downstream cellular outcomes.
    • 28.13: Regulation of the Cell Cycle by Protein Kinases
      The page provides a comprehensive guide to understanding the molecular mechanisms controlling the cell cycle, focusing on cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), cyclins, and their regulation. It explains the roles and mechanisms of these proteins in various cell cycle phases (G1, S, G2, M), highlights the importance of cyclin levels and CDK activity, and discusses the impacts of dysregulated kinase activity on diseases such as cancer.
    • 28.14: Programmed Cell Death
      The page provides an in-depth exploration of programmed cell death, focusing particularly on apoptosis, its mechanisms, and its significance in health and disease. It distinguishes apoptosis from other cell death types such as autophagy and necroptosis, outlining apoptosis's intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, including involved proteins like caspases and Bcl-2 family.
    • 28.15: Signaling in Microorganisms
      This page discusses the fundamentals of microbial signaling, focusing on bacterial transmembrane signaling systems. It highlights key learning goals, including understanding microbial signaling concepts, describing signaling mechanisms, exploring quorum sensing, and examining two-component systems like His-Kinase receptors. The document delves into how bacteria sense and respond to environmental stimuli, interact with hosts, and the implications for biotechnology and medicine.
    • 28.16: Signaling in Plants
      The page provides a comprehensive overview of plant signaling, focusing on key plant hormones such as auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. It discusses the synthesis, transport, perception, and signal transduction mechanisms of these hormones, highlighting their roles in coordinating plant growth, development, and stress responses.
    • 28.17: Signal Transduction - Vision and Olfaction
      This document offers a comprehensive overview of sensory transduction mechanisms in photoreceptors and olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs). It elaborates on the specialized structures of these neurons that enable them to detect light and odorant ligands, respectively. The text details the molecular architecture of rod and cone photoreceptors and OSNs, emphasizing their similarities and differences.
    • 28.18: Signal Transduction - Taste (Gustation)
      The page explores the fundamentals of gustation, primarily focusing on G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) in taste physiology. It explains the role of GPCRs in detecting sweet, umami, bitter tastes, and the kokumi sensation. The document details the molecular mechanisms involved in taste signal transduction, receptor activation, and subsequent neural transmission leading to taste perception.
    • 28.19: Signal Transduction - Temperature
      This page describes the mechanisms of temperature sensing and thermoregulation in mammals, exploring the roles of different ion channels, particularly TRP and TREK channels, in detecting thermal stimuli. It delves into how these channels contribute to the sensation of heat, cold, and thermal pain, with TREK channels playing a key role in moderating thermoreceptor activity by hyperpolarizing cells and TRP channels depolarizing them to increase excitability.
    • 28.20: Signal Transduction - Pressure
      This page provides an extensive overview of mechanotransduction and mechanosensitive (MS) ion channels, focusing on the Piezo1 and Piezo2 channels. It covers their structural and functional properties, including their three-bladed, propeller-shaped structures revealed by cryo-electron microscopy. The article discusses their roles in physiological processes, like erythrocyte volume regulation and their association with diseases due to mutations.

    This page titled 28: Biosignaling - Capstone Volume I is shared under a not declared license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Henry Jakubowski and Patricia Flatt.