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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/02%3A_Unit_II-_Bioenergetics_and_Metabolism/18%3A_Nitrogen_-_Amino_Acid_Catabolism/18.05%3A_Pathways_of_Amino_Acid_DegradationThe page provides an in-depth overview and analysis of amino acid degradation, focusing on pathways and mechanisms involved. It discusses the significance of amino acid catabolism in energy production...The page provides an in-depth overview and analysis of amino acid degradation, focusing on pathways and mechanisms involved. It discusses the significance of amino acid catabolism in energy production, nitrogen balance, regulation, and physiological implications. Key points include distinguishing glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids, integration into central metabolism, enzymes involved, and the regulation of catabolic pathways under varying metabolic states.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/02%3A_Unit_II-_Bioenergetics_and_Metabolism/20%3A_Photosynthesis_and_Carbohydrate_Synthesis_in_Plants/20.06%3A_Biosynthesis_of_Starch_Sucrose_and_CelluloseThis page provides in-depth information on carbohydrate biosynthesis in plants, focusing on sucrose, starch, and cellulose. It describes the roles of these carbohydrates, their biosynthetic pathways, ...This page provides in-depth information on carbohydrate biosynthesis in plants, focusing on sucrose, starch, and cellulose. It describes the roles of these carbohydrates, their biosynthetic pathways, and the involved enzymes, particularly glycosyltransferases. The regulation of sucrose biosynthesis, mechanisms of glycosyltransferases, and structure-function relationships of enzymes like sucrose synthase and starch synthase are discussed.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/Unit_IV_-_Special_Topics/28%3A_Biosignaling_-_Capstone_Volume_I/28.06%3A_PhosphatasesThis page discusses the fundamentals of biochemistry, specifically focusing on phosphatases and their roles in cellular signaling. Learning goals include understanding how phosphatases remove phosphat...This page discusses the fundamentals of biochemistry, specifically focusing on phosphatases and their roles in cellular signaling. Learning goals include understanding how phosphatases remove phosphate groups from proteins, classifying major phosphatase families, and examining the structural basis of phosphatase function.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/02%3A_Unit_II-_Bioenergetics_and_Metabolism/13%3A_Glycolysis_Gluconeogenesis_and_the_Pentose_Phosphate_Pathway/13.03%3A_GluconeogenesisThe page provides an in-depth exploration of gluconeogenesis, a metabolic process that generates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. Key topics include the pathway's role in maintaining blood gluco...The page provides an in-depth exploration of gluconeogenesis, a metabolic process that generates glucose from non-carbohydrate sources. Key topics include the pathway's role in maintaining blood glucose levels, especially during fasting or low-carbohydrate intake, its occurrence primarily in the liver and kidneys, and the detailed enzymatic steps involved.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/02%3A_Unit_II-_Bioenergetics_and_Metabolism/16%3A_The_Citric_Acid_Cycle/16.02%3A__Reactions_of_the_Citric_Acid_CycleThis page provides a comprehensive overview of the citric acid cycle (CAC), also known as the Krebs cycle. It explains the metabolic role of the CAC as a hub that oxidizes acetyl-CoA to CO??? and gene...This page provides a comprehensive overview of the citric acid cycle (CAC), also known as the Krebs cycle. It explains the metabolic role of the CAC as a hub that oxidizes acetyl-CoA to CO??? and generates reducing equivalents for ATP production, with emphasis on its integration with carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. The page discusses enzyme mechanisms and regulation, highlighting the cycle's cyclic structure for sustainable metabolic flux.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/02%3A_Unit_II-_Bioenergetics_and_Metabolism/17%3A_Fatty_Acid_Catabolism/17.02%3A_Oxidation_of_Fatty_AcidsThe page provides a detailed overview of fatty acid oxidation, focusing on beta-oxidation, peroxisomal oxidation, and regulation mechanisms. It discusses the biochemistry of fatty acid breakdown, emph...The page provides a detailed overview of fatty acid oxidation, focusing on beta-oxidation, peroxisomal oxidation, and regulation mechanisms. It discusses the biochemistry of fatty acid breakdown, emphasizing enzyme roles and pathways such as mitochondrial and peroxisomal beta-oxidation, alpha- and omega-oxidation. Additionally, it covers regulation aspects, including carnitine transport and hormonal influences, and highlights peroxisomal functions.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/02%3A_Unit_II-_Bioenergetics_and_Metabolism/13%3A_Glycolysis_Gluconeogenesis_and_the_Pentose_Phosphate_Pathway/13.01%3A_GlycolysisThis page provides an in-depth analysis of the glycolytic pathway, focusing on the ten enzyme-catalyzed steps from glucose to pyruvate. It discusses the net chemical equation for glycolysis, key regul...This page provides an in-depth analysis of the glycolytic pathway, focusing on the ten enzyme-catalyzed steps from glucose to pyruvate. It discusses the net chemical equation for glycolysis, key regulatory enzymes, and the integration of oxidation and ATP synthesis through substrate-level phosphorylation. The content also includes enzyme mechanisms, alternative metabolic fates of pyruvate, and historical insights into glycolysis research.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/02%3A_Unit_II-_Bioenergetics_and_Metabolism/12%3A_Bioenergetics_and_Biochemical_Reaction_Types/12.02%3A_Phosphoryl_Group_Transfers_and_ATPThis page provides learning goals for biochemistry majors, focusing on ATP hydrolysis and high-energy reactions. Key objectives include understanding ATP hydrolysis mechanisms, identifying intermediat...This page provides learning goals for biochemistry majors, focusing on ATP hydrolysis and high-energy reactions. Key objectives include understanding ATP hydrolysis mechanisms, identifying intermediates, comparing reactions with high-energy compounds, and illustrating enzyme roles. Students learn about thermodynamics, reaction spontaneity, and energy coupling in cellular processes.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/02%3A_Unit_II-_Bioenergetics_and_Metabolism/13%3A_Glycolysis_Gluconeogenesis_and_the_Pentose_Phosphate_Pathway/13.02%3A_Fates_of_Pyruvate_under_Anaerobic_Conditions-_FermentationThe page provides an in-depth overview of fermentation, particularly focusing on the biochemical pathways and mechanisms involved. It covers the conversion of pyruvate to lactate by lactate dehydrogen...The page provides an in-depth overview of fermentation, particularly focusing on the biochemical pathways and mechanisms involved. It covers the conversion of pyruvate to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase, highlighting its importance in regenerating NAD??? for glycolysis in anaerobic conditions. The document also explores ethanol fermentation in yeast, detailing the roles of pyruvate decarboxylase and alcohol dehydrogenase.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/Unit_IV_-_Special_Topics/32%3A_Biochemistry_and_Climate_Change/32.16%3A__Part_4_-_Fixing_Carbon_FixationThis biochemistry text emphasizes carbon fixation as a vital component for sustaining global ecosystems. It discusses carbon fixation's role, especially the Calvin-Benson cycle, highlights RuBisCO's i...This biochemistry text emphasizes carbon fixation as a vital component for sustaining global ecosystems. It discusses carbon fixation's role, especially the Calvin-Benson cycle, highlights RuBisCO's inefficiencies, and explores alternative pathways like C4 photosynthesis. Opportunities for genetic engineering and synthetic biology to enhance carbon fixation are covered, along with the potential environmental and economic impacts.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/02%3A_Unit_II-_Bioenergetics_and_Metabolism/17%3A_Fatty_Acid_Catabolism/17.03%3A_Ketone_BodiesThis page provides an in-depth overview of ketone body metabolism, describing the roles of ketone bodies as alternative energy substrates, the physiological conditions for their production and utiliza...This page provides an in-depth overview of ketone body metabolism, describing the roles of ketone bodies as alternative energy substrates, the physiological conditions for their production and utilization, and their significance in energy homeostasis.
