29: Integration of Mammalian Metabolism - Capstone Volume II
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- 29.01A: Overview of Metabolism
- The page provides an overview of metabolic pathways, focusing on catabolism, which is the breakdown of molecules for energy production. It explains key processes like glycolysis, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, highlighting how cells regulate these reactions to avoid energy waste.
- 29.01B: A New View of the Citric Acid Cycle - Its Origin and Its Role in Health and Disease
- Biological cells perform thousands of chemical reactions essential for cellular functions, including energy production/storage and synthesis/degradation of molecules. These reactions, catalyzed by protein and RNA enzymes, must be regulated to prevent opposing pathways from functioning simultaneously, which would waste energy.
- 29.2: Regulation of glucose metabolism from a liver-centric perspective
- This article explores the regulation of glucose metabolism from a liver-centric perspective. The liver plays a vital role in maintaining glucose homeostasis through processes such as glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, glycolysis, and gluconeogenesis. Acute and chronic regulation of the enzymes involved is crucial for these processes. Transcription factors such as SREBP-1c and ChREBP are vital in controlling glucose metabolism, especially in glycolysis and gluconeogenesis paths.
- 29.3: Emerging role of the brain in the homeostatic regulation of energy and glucose metabolism
- The article discusses the central role of the brain, particularly the hypothalamus, in regulating energy and glucose metabolism. It integrates inputs from peripheral signals like nutrients and hormones, modulating metabolism-related activities such as food intake, energy expenditure, and insulin secretion. Disturbances in this regulation can lead to obesity and type 2 diabetes. Understanding the neural pathways involved could aid in developing treatments for these conditions.
- 29.4: Skeletal Muscle Regulates Metabolism
- Skeletal muscle plays key roles in physical movement, energy balance, and protein metabolism. It is crucial for glucose uptake and amino acid storage, influencing energy and protein metabolism across the body. Conditions like sarcopenia and cachexia result from muscle loss due to aging, diseases, and metabolic shifts, leading to negative health and economic consequences.
- 29.5: Intestinal Fructose and Glucose Metabolism in Health and Disease
- Explore intestinal fructose and glucose metabolism, focusing on transport mechanisms, enzymatic pathways, and regulatory controls. This chapter links gut nutrient absorption to systemic energy balance and highlights how metabolic disruptions can lead to disease.
- 29.6 Signaling pathways in obesity: mechanisms and therapeutic interventions
- This chapter examines the signaling pathways that drive obesity. It details how dysregulated signals contribute to inflammation, insulin resistance, and metabolic imbalance, and it reviews therapeutic interventions targeting these pathways to restore metabolic health.
- 29.7: Lipid-Induced Mechanisms of Metabolic Syndrome
- The article discusses metabolic syndrome (MetS), emphasizing its increasing prevalence and complexities in diagnosis and treatment. Insulin resistance (IR), stemming from abdominal obesity, is highlighted as a significant factor. The paper underscores the roles of lipids, particularly fatty acids (FAs), in regulating insulin signaling and inflammation. It explores how imbalances in saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) affect glucose transport and inflammation.
- 29.8: Fundamentals of cancer metabolism
- This chapter explores metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells. It details how altered glucose and glutamine metabolism, the Warburg effect, and enzyme regulation support rapid proliferation. The chapter also examines the interplay between oncogenic signals and metabolic pathways, offering insights into potential therapeutic strategies.
- 29.9: Immunometabolism- Cellular Metabolism Turns Immune Regulator
- This review article discusses the role of immunometabolism, illustrating how cellular metabolism regulates immune cell function. It describes distinct metabolic signatures of immune cells and how these adapt in response to different physiological conditions such as activation and nutrient availability. Key processes like glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation are explained as mechanisms to meet energy and biosynthesis requirements.
- 29.10: Ethanol metabolism- The good, the bad, and the ugly
- The article explores ethanol's role as a commercial commodity and its medical and social implications. Ethanol is metabolized in the body to acetaldehyde and acetate, impacting cellular energy and brain function. Chronic alcohol consumption leads to metabolic disorders such as fatty liver and brain neurotransmitter imbalances. Acute ethanol intake disrupts glucose and amino acid metabolism in the brain.
- 29.11: Gut microbiota-derived metabolites as central regulators in metabolic disorders
- The article discusses the significant role of gut microbiota-derived metabolites in metabolic disorders, which are increasing globally. These metabolites, from compounds like bile acids, short-chain fatty acids, and branched-chain amino acids, are central to understanding the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders such as obesity and diabetes. They have potential as biomarkers for early diagnosis and targets for therapeutic interventions.