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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/Unit_IV_-_Special_Topics/28%3A_Biosignaling_-_Capstone_Volume_I/28.09%3A_Gated_Ion_Channels_-_Neural_SignalingThis page provides comprehensive insights into the role of gated ion channels in neural signaling, differentiating between their types, and analyzing their structure-function relationships. It explain...This page provides comprehensive insights into the role of gated ion channels in neural signaling, differentiating between their types, and analyzing their structure-function relationships. It explains mechanisms underlying ion flux and action potential generation, and integrates this with neural circuit function.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/01%3A_Unit_I-_Structure_and_Catalysis/11%3A_Biological_Membranes_and_Transport/11.03%3A_Diffusion_Across_a_Membrane_-_ChannelsThe page presents an advanced discussion on ion channels, focusing on their structural features, gating mechanisms, and physiological significance. It covers ligand-gated, lipid-gated, voltage-gated, ...The page presents an advanced discussion on ion channels, focusing on their structural features, gating mechanisms, and physiological significance. It covers ligand-gated, lipid-gated, voltage-gated, and mechanosensitive channels, exploring the interaction between anesthetics and these channels. Details on channel examples, including their interaction with lipid components and implications in neural signaling and pain sensation, are provided.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/03%3A_The_Cellular_Basis_of_Life/3.06%3A_Golgi_ApparatusThis page details the essential functions of the Golgi apparatus in processing proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, including glycosylation and the synthesis of small peptides. It describes the me...This page details the essential functions of the Golgi apparatus in processing proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum, including glycosylation and the synthesis of small peptides. It describes the mechanisms of protein migration, such as transition vesicles and Golgi cisternae movement, as well as the recycling of enzymes to the ER.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/15%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/15.08%3A_Nervous_System/15.8B%3A_SynapsesThis page outlines the coordination of cellular activities in animals through the endocrine and nervous systems, highlighting the contrasting speed and scope of hormonal and neurotransmitter responses...This page outlines the coordination of cellular activities in animals through the endocrine and nervous systems, highlighting the contrasting speed and scope of hormonal and neurotransmitter responses. It details the role of various neurotransmitters, including excitatory and inhibitory effects, and their clearance from synapses.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/Unit_IV_-_Special_Topics/29%3A_Integration_of_Mammalian_Metabolism_-_Capstone_Volume_II/29.10%3A_Ethanol_metabolism-_The_good_the_bad_and_the_uglyThe article explores ethanol's role as a commercial commodity and its medical and social implications. Ethanol is metabolized in the body to acetaldehyde and acetate, impacting cellular energy and bra...The article explores ethanol's role as a commercial commodity and its medical and social implications. Ethanol is metabolized in the body to acetaldehyde and acetate, impacting cellular energy and brain function. Chronic alcohol consumption leads to metabolic disorders such as fatty liver and brain neurotransmitter imbalances. Acute ethanol intake disrupts glucose and amino acid metabolism in the brain.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/15%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/15.09%3A_Senses/15.9F%3A_Heat_Cold_and_Pain_ReceptorsThis page explains how specific sensory neurons and their receptors detect heat, cold, and pain, detailing the roles of Aδ, C, and Aβ fibers in transmitting pain signals. It discusses various ion chan...This page explains how specific sensory neurons and their receptors detect heat, cold, and pain, detailing the roles of Aδ, C, and Aβ fibers in transmitting pain signals. It discusses various ion channels involved in temperature response and categorizes pain types—nociceptive, neuropathic, and visceral. Treatments like NSAIDs and opioids are examined, focusing on their mechanisms, effectiveness, and risks associated with opioid addiction and tolerance.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/15%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/15.08%3A_Nervous_System/15.8E%3A_Drugs_and_the_Nervous_SystemThis page covers the roles of neurotransmitters in the nervous system and the effects of various psychoactive drugs. Stimulants enhance dopamine levels, while sedatives depress brain activity. Opioids...This page covers the roles of neurotransmitters in the nervous system and the effects of various psychoactive drugs. Stimulants enhance dopamine levels, while sedatives depress brain activity. Opioids manage pain but are addictive. Drugs like naloxone, antipsychotics, tranquilizers, and antidepressants modify neurotransmitter activity, influencing mental health. Psychedelics alter perception, and THC in marijuana affects appetite.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/02%3A_Unit_II-_Bioenergetics_and_Metabolism/16%3A_The_Citric_Acid_Cycle/16.04%3A_Variants_of_the_Citric_Acid_CycleThe page provides a detailed overview of various metabolic shunts and bypass mechanisms related to the citric acid cycle. It covers the glyoxylate shunt, allowing organisms like plants, bacteria, and ...The page provides a detailed overview of various metabolic shunts and bypass mechanisms related to the citric acid cycle. It covers the glyoxylate shunt, allowing organisms like plants, bacteria, and fungi to use acetate effectively for gluconeogenesis. The GABA shunt integrates nitrogen metabolism with energy production, significant for stress responses and neural function.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/15%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/15.08%3A_Nervous_System/15.8C%3A_The_Human_Central_Nervous_SystemThis page discusses the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, detailing their roles in processing sensory information and coordinating motor responses. It outlines the embr...This page discusses the central nervous system, which includes the brain and spinal cord, detailing their roles in processing sensory information and coordinating motor responses. It outlines the embryonic development of the brain and the protective functions of meninges and cerebrospinal fluid.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/03%3A_The_Cellular_Basis_of_Life/3.25%3A_ExocytosisThis page explains exocytosis, the cellular process for restoring plasma membranes post-endocytosis by using vesicles to release contents and display proteins. Specialized cells, such as pancreatic ex...This page explains exocytosis, the cellular process for restoring plasma membranes post-endocytosis by using vesicles to release contents and display proteins. Specialized cells, such as pancreatic exocrine cells, secrete proteins through this mechanism. It also describes the "kiss-and-run" method for neurotransmitter release and the role of endosomes in releasing exosomes, which are vital for immune function.
