9: Antimicrobial Drugs
- Page ID
- 42520
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Chapter 9 BIOL 235 Learning Outcomes
Antimicrobial Drugs
- Tell the story of the discovery of antibiotics, including who discovered antibiotics, when, how, and the name of the first antibiotic discovered.
- Define antibiotic and identify the specific group of microbes targeted by antibiotics.
- Identify major targets of antibiotics and explain why disruption of each will cause microbial death or inactivation.
- Describe desirable features of an antibiotic that would be used to treat infection.
- Analyze a situation to identify the most suitable antibiotic/chemotherapy choice.
- Explain the possible natural role of antibiotics in the environment and give an example of one bacterial genus that produces many clinically relevant antibiotics.
- Describe the mode of action of beta-lactam antibiotics, including cellular structure impaired, what enzyme is inhibited and how that leads to impairment of cellular structure, consequences of impaired cellular structure, and whether growing cells are more easily killed or not and why.
- Identify the cellular targets of the following antimicrobial drugs: beta-lactams, aminoglycosides, polymyxins, azoles, nucleotide analogs, and quinolones and which microbial groups they target (broad range, narrow range, which group(s) if narrow range) (which ones?).
- Know to which class of antimicrobial drugs penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, streptomycin, colistin, fluconazole, acyclovir, and ciprofloxacin belong (beta-lactam, aminoglycoside, azole, polymyxin, or quinolone).
- By its name, determine if an antibiotic is a penicillin, cephalosporin, or carbapenem.
- By its name, determine whether an antibiotic is produced by Streptomyces
Antibiotic Resistance
- Explain the five common mechanisms of antibiotic resistance.
- Describe the mechanism of beta-lactamase, including what kind of antibiotics this enzyme provides resistance to, how it provides resistance, and how the compound clavulanic acid counteracts beta-lactamase.
- Explain why Pseudomonas species are naturally resistant to many different antibiotics.
- Explain how natural selection leads to the emergence of antibiotic resistant strains of microbes.
- List several human-controlled factors that contribute to the emergence of antibiotic resistance, including how antibiotics are used in health care and in agriculture.
- Recognize the following abbreviations of antibiotic resistant pathogens and what the abbreviations stand for: MRSA, VRSA, VRE, CRE, MDR-TB, XDR-TB.
- Describe strategies to reduce the spread of antibiotic resistance that can be used by 1. health care workers and 2. individuals.
- Describe viral replication of HIV and how the replication mechanism can result in the development of drug resistance, particularly in the case of the nucleotide analog AZT.
- Explain how the major anti-HIV drugs work and the advantages to using combination drug therapy.
- 9.1: Discovering Antimicrobial Drugs
- This page details the historical application of traditional medicines and key advancements in antimicrobial drug development. It covers Paul Ehrlich's early 20th-century innovations, including targeted antimicrobials, Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin, and Gerhard Domagk's introduction of sulfanilamide as the first synthetic antimicrobial.
- 9.2: Clinical Considerations
- This page covers essential aspects of antimicrobial drug therapy, particularly focusing on antibacterial drugs. It distinguishes between bacteriostatic and bactericidal drugs and discusses the implications of drug spectrum, highlighting the risks of superinfections with broad-spectrum antibiotics. It also examines the factors affecting dosage and administration, along with potential drug interactions.
- 9.3: Antibiotics
- This page provides an overview of various classes of antibacterial drugs that exhibit selective toxicity by targeting specific microbial structures. Key classes include β-lactams, glycopeptides, aminoglycosides, tetracyclines, and others, each with distinct mechanisms such as inhibiting cell wall synthesis, protein synthesis, and nucleic acid functions.
- 9.4: Drugs Targeting Other Pathogens
- This page provides an overview of antimicrobial strategies against fungi, protozoa, helminths, and viruses, emphasizing selective toxicity challenges. It details antifungal drug classes such as imidazoles and triazoles, and treatments for Pneumocystis pneumonia, focusing on Bactrim and alternatives. Antihelminthic drugs like ivermectin are discussed, alongside antiviral therapies for HIV that include various inhibitors.
- 9.5: Antibiotic Resistance
- This page covers antimicrobial drug resistance, including the evolution of microorganisms that resist drugs through gene transfer and mutations due to overuse. It describes mechanisms like drug modification and target mimicry, leading to challenges like multidrug-resistant organisms (MDRs) such as MRSA.
- 9.6: Testing Drug Effectivenes
- This page covers antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST), emphasizing the Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method, its limitations, and the importance of antibiograms. It also discusses various dilution tests for determining minimal inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) of antimicrobials.
Thumbnail: Staphylococcus aureus - Antibiotics Test plate. (Public Domain; CDC / Provider: Don Stalons).