7: Membrane Boundaries and Capturing Energy
- Page ID
- 109310
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 7.3: Membranes - Structure, Properties and Function
- Biological membranes are the basis for many important properties of the cell, not the least of which is to physically define the cell boundary, and in eukaryotes, the boundaries of each intracellular organelle. However, they are not completely impermeable boundaries, and through embedded proteins, the membrane serves as the gatekeeper for the passage of specific molecules into (e.g. nutrients) and out of (e.g. waste) the cell.
- 7.5: Cytoskeleton
- When a eukaryotic cell is taken out of its physiological context and placed in a plastic or glass Petri dish, it is generally seen to flatten out to some extent. On a precipice, it would behave like a Salvador Dali watch, oozing over the edge. However, the cell actually has an intricate microstructure within it, framed internally by the components of the cytoskeleton.
- 7.5.1: Introduction to the Cytoskeleton
- 7.5.2: Intermediate Filaments
- 7.5.3: Actin Microfilaments
- 7.5.4: Microtubules
- 7.5.5: Microtubule Organizing Centers
- 7.5.6: Transport on the Cytoskeleton
- 7.5.7: Actin - Myosin Structures in Muscle
- 7.5.8: Cytoskeletal Dynamics
- 7.5.9: Cell Motility
- 7.5.10: Extracellular Matrix and Cell Adhesion
- 7.5.10.1: Introduction to Extracellular Matrix and Cell Adhesion
- 7.5.10.2: Collagen
- 7.5.10.3: Proteoglycans
- 7.5.10.4: Fibronectins
- 7.5.10.5: Laminins
- 7.5.10.6: Integrins
- 7.5.10.7: Hemidesmosomes
- 7.5.10.8: Dystrophin Glycoprotein Complex
- 7.5.10.9: Desmosomes
- 7.5.10.10: Cadherins
- 7.5.10.11: Tight Junctions
- 7.5.10.12: Ig Superfamily CAMs
- 7.5.10.13: Gap Junctions
- 7.6: Metabolism I – Catabolic Reactions
- The major functional components of the cell are mostly polymers - long chains of smaller individual molecular units. Each addition of a small link to the chain costs energy. Heterotrophic organisms such as animals ingest food made up of these large polymers, which, when broken down in the digestive process, release energy for maintaining and building that organism. Such chemical reactions, in which complex molecules are broken down to simpler components, are classified as catabolic reactions.
- 7.6.1: Generating gradients- using coupled reactions and pumps
- 7.6.2: Using the energy stored in membrane gradients
- 7.6.3: Chemotrophs
- 7.6.4: Glycolysis
- 7.6.5: Fermentation
- 7.6.6: 5.3 The TCA Cycle
- 7.6.7: Oxidative Phosphorylation
- 7.6.8: Uncoupling Electron Transport from ATP Synthesis
- 7.6.9: Structure of Electron Carriers
- 7.6.10: 5.7 Starch and Glycogen Depolymerization
- 7.6.11: 5.8 Fatty Acid Breakdown
- 7.6.12: Amino Acid Degradation
Contributors and Attributions
Michael W. Klymkowsky (University of Colorado Boulder) and Melanie M. Cooper (Michigan State University) with significant contributions by Emina Begovic & some editorial assistance of Rebecca Klymkowsky.