2.E: The Prokaryotic Cell: Bacteria (Exercises)
- Page ID
- 7380
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)These are homework exercises to accompany Kaiser's "Microbiology" TextMap. Microbiology is the study of microorganisms, which are defined as any microscopic organism that comprises either a single cell (unicellular), cell clusters or no cell at all (acellular). This includes eukaryotes, such as fungi and protists, and prokaryotes. Viruses and prions, though not strictly classed as living organisms, are also studied.
Fundamental Statements for this Learning Object:
- Physical control includes such methods of control as high or low temperature, desiccation, osmotic pressure, radiation, and filtration.
- Chemical control refers to the use of disinfectants, antiseptics, antibiotics, and chemotherapeutic antimicrobial chemicals.
- Sterilization is the process of destroying all living organisms and viruses.
- Disinfection is the elimination of microorganisms, but not necessarily endospores, from inanimate objects or surfaces.
- Decontamination is the treatment of an object or inanimate surface to make it safe to handle.
- A disinfectant is an agents used to disinfect inanimate objects but generally to toxic to use on human tissues.
- An antiseptic is an agent that kills or inhibits growth of microbes but is safe to use on human tissue.
- A sanitizer is an agent that reduces microbial numbers to a safe level.
- An antibiotic is a metabolic product produced by one microorganism that inhibits or kills other microorganisms.
- Synthetic chemicals that can be used therapeutically.
- An agent that is cidal in action kills microorganisms.
- An agent that is static in action inhibits the growth of microorganisms.
- Selective toxicity means that the chemical being used should inhibit or kill the intended pathogen without seriously harming the host.
- A broad spectrum agent is one generally effective against a variety of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria.
- A narrow spectrum agent generally works against just Gram-positives, Gram-negatives, or only a few bacteria.
2.1: Sizes, Shapes, and Arrangements of Bacteria
Study the material in this section and then write out the answers to these questions. Do not just click on the answers and write them out. This will not test your understanding of this tutorial.
- Match the following descriptions with the best answer.
_____ Division in one plane; cocci arranged in pairs
_____ Division in one plane; cocci arranged in chains
_____ Division in two planes; cocci arranged in a square of four
_____ Division in one plane; rods completely separate after division.
_____ Division in one plane; rods arranged in chains.
_____ A comma shaped bacterium.
_____ A thin, flexible spiral.
_____ A thick, rigid spiral.
- bacillus
- streptobacillus
- spirochete
- spirillum
- vibrio
- streptococcus
- staphylococcus
- diplococcus
- tetrad
- sarcina
- A Gram stain of discharge from an abcess shows cocci in irregular, grape-like clusters. What is the most likely genus of this bacterium?
- State the diameter of an average-sized coccus-shaped bacterium.
- Multiple Choice
2.2: Cell Anatomy for the Domain Bacteria: An Overview
1. Match the following descriptions with the best answer.
_____ Proteins that, in the presence of energy, transport two substances simultaneously across the membrane in opposite directions.
_____ Proteins that, in the presence of energy, transport two substances simultaneously across the membrane in the same directions.
_____ The movement of water across a membrane from an area of higher water concentration (lower solute concentration) to lower water concentration (higher solute concentration).
_____ The net movement of gases or small uncharge polar molecules across a phospholipid bilayer membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. No metabolic energy is required.
_____ A transport where the cell uses transport proteins such as antiporters or symporters and metabolic energy to transport substances across the membrane against the concentration gradient.
_____ If the net flow of water is out of a cell, the cell is in ________________ environment.
_____ If the net flow of water is into a cell, the cell is in ________________ environment.
A. uniporters
B. symporters
C. antiporters
D. active transport
E. group translocation
F. passive diffusion
G. osmosis
H. a hypotonic
I. a hypertonic
J. an isotonic
2. Even though there is a lower concentration of a particular nutrient outside a bacterium than inside, the bacterium is still able to transport that nutrient into its cytoplasm. Explain how this might occur and what is required for this transport.
3. A bacterium is placed in a new environment and subsequently water flows out of the bacterium. Is this new environment isotonic, hypotonic, or hypertonic to the bacterium? Is the solute concentration higher inside the bacterium or outside?
4. Bacteria normally do not grow in jams and jellies. In terms of osmosis, what might explain this?
5. Define the following:
a. binary fission
b. geometric progression
6. State the functions of the following in bacterial cell division:
a. Par proteins
b. divisome
c. FtsZ proteins
6. A monomer of peptidoglycan consists of _____________, _____________, and _______________.
7. State the function of peptidoglycan in bacteria.
8. State the role of the following enzymes in peptidoglycan synthesis:
a. autolysins
b. bactoprenols
c. transpeptidases
d. transglycosylase
9. A penicillin is used to treat a bacterial infection. Describe the mechanism by which this antibiotic eventually kills the bacteria.
10. Gram-positive bacteria stain ____________ after Gram staining while Gram-negative bacteria stain _____________ .
11. Bacteria normally live in a hypotonic environment. Since water flows into a cell in an environment that is hypotonic, why don't the bacteria burst from osmotic pressure?
12. Matching:
_____ Enzymes that are secreted and function outside the bacterium.
_____ Enzymes that function within the bacterium.
_____ All of the chemical reactions carried out by a bacterium.
_____ Chemical reactions in which more complex molecules are synthesized.
_____ Chemical reactions in which more complex molecules are broken down into smaller, more simple molecules.
A. Metabolism
B. Catabolic reactions
C. Anabolic reactions
D. Exoenzymes
E. Endoenzymes
13. State the primary function of bacterial cytoplasm.
14. The sum of an organism's genetic material is called its____________.
15. Bacterial enzymes involved in in the unwinding, replication, and rewinding of the circular, supercoiled bacterial DNA called ______________.
16. Describe the general composition of the chromosome in most bacteria.
17. Briefly describe the process of DNA replication.
18. State what enzyme carries out the following functions during DNA replication.
a. Unwinds the helical DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between complementary bases.
b. Synthesizes a short RNA primer at the beginning of each origin of replication.
c. Adds DNA nucleotides to the RNA primer.
d. Digests away the RNA primer and replaces the RNA nucleotides of the primer with the proper DNA nucleotides.
e. Links the DNA fragments of the lagging strand together.
19. State the overall function of DNA.
20. Define transcription.
21. Define translation.
22. Ciprofloxacin (Cipro) is used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. How does it stop bacteria from growing?