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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_6%3A_Adaptive_Immunity/16%3A_HypersensitivitiesWhen the immune systems cause harm to the body, it is referred to as a hypersensitivity. There are two categories of adaptive hypersensitivities: immediate hypersensitivity and delayed hypersensitivit...When the immune systems cause harm to the body, it is referred to as a hypersensitivity. There are two categories of adaptive hypersensitivities: immediate hypersensitivity and delayed hypersensitivity. Immediate hypersensitivities refer to humoral immunity (antigen/antibody reactions) causing harm. Delayed hypersensitivities refer to cell-mediated immunity (cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, macrophages, and cytokines) causing harm.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_6%3A_Adaptive_Immunity/13%3A_Humoral_ImmunityHumoral Immunity refers to the production of antibody molecules in response to an antigen. These antibody molecules circulate in the plasma of the blood and enter tissue and organs via the inflammator...Humoral Immunity refers to the production of antibody molecules in response to an antigen. These antibody molecules circulate in the plasma of the blood and enter tissue and organs via the inflammatory response. Humoral immunity is most effective microbes or their toxins located in the extracellular spaces of the body. Antibodies or immunoglobulins are specific glycoprotein configurations produced by B-lymphocytes and plasma cells in response to a specific antigen that react with that antigen.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Prince_Georges_Community_College/PGCC_Microbiology/05%3A_Infectious_Diseases_and_Epidemiology/5.04%3A_Virulence_Factors/5.4.01%3A_Virulence_Factors_that_Promote_Colonization/5.4.1.01%3A_The_Ability_to_Use_Motility_and_Other_Means_to_Contact_Host_CellsBacteria have to make physical contact with host cells before they can adhere to those cells and resist being flushed out of the body. Motile bacteria can use their flagella and chemotaxis to swim thr...Bacteria have to make physical contact with host cells before they can adhere to those cells and resist being flushed out of the body. Motile bacteria can use their flagella and chemotaxis to swim through mucus towards mucosal epithelial cells. Because of their thinness, their internal flagella (axial filaments), their corkscrew shape, and their motility, certain spirochetes are more readily able enter lymph vessels and blood vessels and spread to other body sites.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_4%3A_Eukaryotic_Microorganisms_and_Viruses/10%3A_Viruses/10.06%3A_Animal_Virus_Life_Cycles%3A_An_OverviewViruses that infect animal cells replicate by what is called the productive life cycle. The productive life cycle is also often referred to as the lytic life cycle, even though not all viruses cause l...Viruses that infect animal cells replicate by what is called the productive life cycle. The productive life cycle is also often referred to as the lytic life cycle, even though not all viruses cause lysis of their host cell during their replication. Some viruses, such as HIV and the herpes viruses are able to become latent in certain cell types. A few viruses increase the risk of certain cancers. We will now look at the life cycles of viruses that infect animal cells.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_3%3A_Bacterial_PathogenesisPathogenicity and virulence are terms that refer to an organism's ability to cause disease. Pathogenicity is the ability of a microbe to cause disease and inflict damage upon its host, whereas virulen...Pathogenicity and virulence are terms that refer to an organism's ability to cause disease. Pathogenicity is the ability of a microbe to cause disease and inflict damage upon its host, whereas virulence is the degree of pathogenicity within a group or species of microbes as indicated by case fatality rates and/or the ability of the organism to invade the tissues of the host. The pathogenicity of an organism, that is its ability to cause disease, is determined by its virulence factors.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_7%3A_Microbial_Genetics_and_Microbial_Metabolism/18%3A_Microbial_MetabolismCatabolism refers to the exergonic process by which energy released by the breakdown of organic compounds such as glucose can be used to synthesize ATP, the form of energy required to do cellular work...Catabolism refers to the exergonic process by which energy released by the breakdown of organic compounds such as glucose can be used to synthesize ATP, the form of energy required to do cellular work. Anabolism is the endergonic process that uses the energy stored in ATP to synthesize the building blocks of the macromolecules that make up the cell. Precursor metabolites are intermediate molecules in catabolic and anabolic pathways.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_6%3A_Adaptive_Immunity/16%3A_Hypersensitivities/16.5%3A_Delayed_Hypersensitivities_-_Type_IVDuring delayed hypersensitivity, T8-lymphocytes become sensitized to an antigen and differentiate into cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, while effector T4-lymphocytes become sensitized to an antigen and produc...During delayed hypersensitivity, T8-lymphocytes become sensitized to an antigen and differentiate into cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, while effector T4-lymphocytes become sensitized to an antigen and produce cytokines. CTLs, cytokines, eosinophils, and/or macrophages then cause harm rather than benefit.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_4%3A_Eukaryotic_Microorganisms_and_Viruses/10%3A_Viruses/10.08%3A_Pathogenicity_of_Animal_VirusesAlteration of host cell function and/or death of the host cell occurs as a result of viruses using an infected host cell as a factory for manufacturing viruses. The body’s immune defenses recognize in...Alteration of host cell function and/or death of the host cell occurs as a result of viruses using an infected host cell as a factory for manufacturing viruses. The body’s immune defenses recognize infected host cells as foreign and destroy infected cells. The body’s adaptive immune defenses produce antibodies against viruses that block viral adsorption to host cells or result in opsonization of the virus.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_5%3A_Innate_Immunity/11.4%3A_Early_Induced_Innate_Immunity/11.3F%3A_Natural_Killer_Cells_(NK_Cells)_and_Invariant_Natural_Killer_T-Lymphocytes_(iNKT_Cells)Natural Killer (NK) cells are able to recognize infected cells, cancer cells, and stressed cells and kill them. In addition, they produce a variety of cytokines, including proinflammatory cytokines, c...Natural Killer (NK) cells are able to recognize infected cells, cancer cells, and stressed cells and kill them. In addition, they produce a variety of cytokines, including proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, colony-stimulating factors, and other cytokines that function as regulators of body defenses. When body cells are either under stress, are turning into tumors, or are infected, various stress-induced molecules are produced and are put on the surface of that cell.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_6%3A_Adaptive_Immunity/12%3A_Introduction_to_Adaptive_Immunity/12.3%3A_Major_Cells_and_Key_Cell_Surface_Molecules_Involved_in_Adaptive_Immune_Responses/12.3G%3A_Natural_Killer_Cells_(NK_Cells)Natural Killer (NK) cells are able to recognize infected cells, cancer cells, and stressed cells and kill them. In addition, they produce a variety of cytokines, including proinflammatory cytokines, c...Natural Killer (NK) cells are able to recognize infected cells, cancer cells, and stressed cells and kill them. In addition, they produce a variety of cytokines, including proinflammatory cytokines, chemokines, colony-stimulating factors, and other cytokines that function as regulators of body defenses. NK cells play a role in adaptive immune responses by way of antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity or ADCC where they bind to and kill cells to which antibody molecules have bound.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(Kaiser)/Unit_6%3A_Adaptive_Immunity/13%3A_Humoral_Immunity/13.2%3A_Ways_That_Antibodies_Help_to_Defend_the_Body/13.2B%3A_Cytolysis_by_the_Membrane_Attack_Complex_(MAC)In this section we will look at MAC cytolysis. The Fab portion of IgG or IgM reacts with the epitopes on the membrane and the Fc portion of the antibody then activates the classical complement pathway...In this section we will look at MAC cytolysis. The Fab portion of IgG or IgM reacts with the epitopes on the membrane and the Fc portion of the antibody then activates the classical complement pathway. C5b6789n (the membrane attack complex or MAC) then puts holes in the membrane. In the case of bacteria, MAC can put holes in the outer membrane and possibly the cytoplasmic membrane of the Gram-negative cell wall causing lysis. In the case of enveloped viruses, MAC can damage the viral envelope.
