26.2: Viral Diversity
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Learning Objectives
- Describe how viruses are classified
To understand the features shared among different groups of viruses, a classification scheme is necessary. However, most viruses are not thought to have evolved from a common ancestor, so the methods that scientists use to classify living things are not very useful. Biologists have used several classification systems in the past, based on the morphology and genetics of the different viruses. However, these earlier classification methods grouped viruses based on which features of the virus they were using to classify them. The most commonly-used classification method today is called the Baltimore classification scheme which is based on how messenger RNA (mRNA) is generated in each particular type of virus. The surface structure of virions can be observed by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy, whereas the internal structures of the virus can only be observed in images from a transmission electron microscope.
Past Systems of Classification
Viruses are classified in several ways: by factors such as their core content, the structure of their capsids, and whether they have an outer envelope. Viruses may use either DNA or RNA as their genetic material. The virus core contains the genome or total genetic content of the virus. Viral genomes tend to be small, containing only those genes that encode proteins that the virus cannot obtain from the host cell. This genetic material may be single- or double-stranded. It may also be linear or circular. While most viruses contain a single nucleic acid, others have genomes that have several, which are called segments. The type of genetic material (DNA or RNA) and its structure (single- or double-stranded, linear or circular, and segmented or non-segmented) are used to classify the virus core structures.
Viruses can also be classified by the design of their capsids. Isometric viruses have shapes that are roughly spherical, such as poliovirus or herpesviruses. Enveloped viruses have membranes surrounding capsids. Animal viruses, such as HIV, are frequently enveloped. Head and tail viruses infect bacteria and have a head that is similar to icosahedral viruses and a tail shape like filamentous viruses. Capsids are classified as naked icosahedral, enveloped icosahedral, enveloped helical, naked helical, and complex. For example, the tobacco mosaic virus has a naked helical capsid. The adenovirus has an icosahedral capsid.
Baltimore Classification
The most commonly-used system of virus classification was developed by Nobel Prize-winning biologist David Baltimore in the early 1970s. In addition to the differences in morphology and genetics mentioned above, the Baltimore classification scheme groups viruses according to how the mRNA is produced during the replicative cycle of the virus. Viruses can contain double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded RNA (dsRNA), single-stranded RNA with a positive polarity (ssRNA), ssRNA with a negative polarity, diploid (two copies) ssRNA, and partial dsDNA genomes. Positive polarity means that the genomic RNA can serve directly as mRNA and a negative polarity means that their sequence is complementary to the mRNA.
Contributions and Attributions
- OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest...ol11448/latest . License : CC BY: Attribution
- virus. Provided by : Wiktionary. Located at : en.wiktionary.org/wiki/virus . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- virion. Provided by : Wiktionary. Located at : en.wiktionary.org/wiki/virion . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- OpenStax College, Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest...21_01_01ab.jpg . License : CC BY: Attribution
- CowpeaMosaicVirus3D. Provided by : Wikimedia Commons. Located at : en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Co...aicVirus3D.png . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest...ol11448/latest . License : CC BY: Attribution
- devolution. Provided by : Wiktionary. Located at : en.wiktionary.org/wiki/devolution . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- self-replicating. Provided by : Wiktionary. Located at : en.wiktionary.org/wiki/self-replicating . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- OpenStax College, Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest...21_01_01ab.jpg . License : CC BY: Attribution
- CowpeaMosaicVirus3D. Provided by : Wikimedia Commons. Located at : en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Co...aicVirus3D.png . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- OpenStax College, Organizing Life on Earth. November 9, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44588/latest/#fig-ch20_01_01 . License : CC BY: Attribution
- OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest...ol11448/latest . License : CC BY: Attribution
- isometric. Provided by : Wiktionary. Located at : en.wiktionary.org/wiki/isometric . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- capsid. Provided by : Wiktionary. Located at : en.wiktionary.org/wiki/capsid . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- envelope. Provided by : Wiktionary. Located at : en.wiktionary.org/wiki/envelope . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- filamentous. Provided by : Wiktionary. Located at : en.wiktionary.org/wiki/filamentous . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- OpenStax College, Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest...21_01_01ab.jpg . License : CC BY: Attribution
- CowpeaMosaicVirus3D. Provided by : Wikimedia Commons. Located at : en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CowpeaMosaicVirus3D.png . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- OpenStax College, Organizing Life on Earth. November 9, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44588/latest/#fig-ch20_01_01 . License : CC BY: Attribution
- OpenStax College, Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest...e_21_01_02.jpg . License : CC BY: Attribution
- OpenStax College, Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest...e_21_01_03.png . License : CC BY: Attribution
- OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest...ol11448/latest . License : CC BY: Attribution
- OpenStax College, Biology. November 19, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest...ol11448/latest . License : CC BY: Attribution
- Boundless. Provided by : Boundless Learning. Located at : www.boundless.com//biology/de...classification . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- messenger RNA. Provided by : Wikipedia. Located at : en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/messenger%20RNA . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- OpenStax College, Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest...21_01_01ab.jpg . License : CC BY: Attribution
- CowpeaMosaicVirus3D. Provided by : Wikimedia Commons. Located at : en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CowpeaMosaicVirus3D.png . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- OpenStax College, Organizing Life on Earth. November 9, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44588/latest/#fig-ch20_01_01 . License : CC BY: Attribution
- OpenStax College, Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest...e_21_01_02.jpg . License : CC BY: Attribution
- OpenStax College, Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest...e_21_01_03.png . License : CC BY: Attribution
- OpenStax College, Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest...21_01_04ab.jpg . License : CC BY: Attribution
- OpenStax College, Biology. November 8, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest...ol11448/latest . License : CC BY: Attribution
- OpenStax College, Biology. November 8, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest...ol11448/latest . License : CC BY: Attribution
- OpenStax College, Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest...e_21_01_05.jpg . License : CC BY: Attribution
- OpenStax College, Viral Evolution, Morphology, and Classification. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest...01_06abcde.jpg . License : CC BY: Attribution
- OpenStax College, Biology. November 8, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44595/latest...ol11448/latest . License : CC BY: Attribution
Key Points
- The type of genetic material, either DNA or RNA, and whether its structure is single- or double-stranded, linear or circular, and segmented or non-segmented are factors for classification.
- Virus capsids can be classified as naked icosahedral, enveloped icosahedral, enveloped helical, naked helical, and complex.
- Virus can either have an envelope or not.
- A more recent system, the Baltimore classification scheme, groups viruses into seven classes according to how the mRNA is produced during the replicative cycle of the virus.
Key Terms
- Baltimore classification : a classification scheme that groups viruses into seven classes according to how the mRNA is produced during the replicative cycle of the virus
- messenger RNA : Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a molecule of RNA that encodes a chemical “blueprint” for a protein product.