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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Citrus_College/Citrus_College_General_Biology_Textbook/15%3A_Population_and_Community_Ecology/15.05%3A_Community_EcologyCommunities include all the different species living in a given area. The variety of these species is referred to as biodiversity. Many organisms have developed defenses against predation and herbivor...Communities include all the different species living in a given area. The variety of these species is referred to as biodiversity. Many organisms have developed defenses against predation and herbivory, including mechanical defenses, warning coloration, and mimicry. Two species cannot exist indefinitely in the same habitat competing directly for the same resources. Species may form symbiotic relationships such as commensalism, mutualism, or parasitism. Community structure is described by its fou
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/General_Ecology_Ecology/Chapter_14%3A_Introduction_to_Community_EcologyFigure 9: Foundational species increase food web complexity by facilitating species higher in the food chain. (A) Seven ecosystems with foundation species were sampled: coastal (seagrass, blue mussel,...Figure 9: Foundational species increase food web complexity by facilitating species higher in the food chain. (A) Seven ecosystems with foundation species were sampled: coastal (seagrass, blue mussel, cordgrass), freshwater (watermilfoil, water-starwort) and terrestrial (Spanish moss, marram grass). (B) Food webs were constructed for both bare and foundation species-dominated replicate areas. (C) From each foundation species structured-food web, nodes (species) were randomly removed until the s…
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/General_Ecology_Ecology/Chapter_16%3A_Antagonistic_Interactions/16.1%3A_PredationPredation is a biological interaction where one organism, the predator, kills and eats another organism, its prey.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/General_Ecology_Ecology/Chapter_22%3A_Biodiversity/22.6%3A_Patterns_in_BiodiversityBeyond purely scientific goals and satisfying curiosity, this understanding is essential for applied issues of major concern to humankind, such as the spread of invasive species, the control of diseas...Beyond purely scientific goals and satisfying curiosity, this understanding is essential for applied issues of major concern to humankind, such as the spread of invasive species, the control of diseases and their vectors, and the likely effects of global climate change on the maintenance of biodiversity (Gaston 2000).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/22%3A_Biodiversity/22.03%3A_Patterns_in_BiodiversityFigure \(\PageIndex{4}\): Biodiversity hotspots and some of their endemic species. (a) Melanesian Islands ["Solomon Islands" by Jim Lounsbury is available for open access]; (b) Emerald Lakes, New Zeal...Figure \(\PageIndex{4}\): Biodiversity hotspots and some of their endemic species. (a) Melanesian Islands ["Solomon Islands" by Jim Lounsbury is available for open access]; (b) Emerald Lakes, New Zealand [Photo by Marcus Holland-Moritz is licensed under CC BY-SA 2.0]; (c) Diademed sifaca, one of the endemic lemur species from Mantadia National Park, Madagascar ["Diademed ready to push off" by Michael Hogan is available in the public domain]; (d) Maned wolf, the largest canid of South America, a…
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/General_Ecology_Ecology/4.3%3A_Community_Ecology/4.3.2%3A_Antagonistic_InteractionsAntagonistic interactions are those where at least one individual experiences lowered fitness as an outcome.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Thompson_Rivers_University/Principles_of_Biology_II_OL_ed/04%3A_Ecology/4.03%3A_Community_Ecology/4.3.02%3A_Antagonistic_InteractionsAntagonistic interactions are those where at least one individual experiences lowered fitness as an outcome.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Evergreen_Valley_College/Introduction_to_Ecology_(Kappus)/08%3A_Species_Interactions_in_Communities/8.02%3A_Exploitative_InteractionsExploitative interactions, also known as enemy–victim interactions, is an interaction where one organism (the enemy) is the consumer of another organism (the victim) such as predator–prey interactions...Exploitative interactions, also known as enemy–victim interactions, is an interaction where one organism (the enemy) is the consumer of another organism (the victim) such as predator–prey interactions, host–pathogen interactions, and herbivory. Because of the interactions the victim experiences a strong fitness cost while the enemy benefits. Exploitative interactions can have significant biological effects. For example predators or parasites may cause declines, or even the extinction, of their
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/16%3A_Antagonistic_Interactions/16.01%3A_PredationA range of mathematical models have been developed by relaxing the assumptions made in the Lotka-Volterra model; these variously allow animals to have geographic distributions, or to migrate; to have ...A range of mathematical models have been developed by relaxing the assumptions made in the Lotka-Volterra model; these variously allow animals to have geographic distributions, or to migrate; to have differences between individuals, such as sexes and an age structure, so that only some individuals reproduce; to live in a varying environment, such as with changing seasons (Cushing, 2005; Thieme, 2003); and analyzing the interactions of more than just two species at once.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/09%3A_The_Ecology_of_Populations/9.03%3A_Population_Dynamics_and_RegulationThese are grouped into density-dependent factors, in which the density of the population at a given time affects growth rate and mortality, and density-independent factors, which influence mortality i...These are grouped into density-dependent factors, in which the density of the population at a given time affects growth rate and mortality, and density-independent factors, which influence mortality in a population regardless of population density. Note that in the former, the effect of the factor on the population depends on the density of the population at onset.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/14%3A_Introduction_to_Species_InteractionsFigure \(\PageIndex{10}\): Foundational species increase food web complexity by facilitating species higher in the food chain. (A) Seven ecosystems with foundation species were sampled: coastal (seagr...Figure \(\PageIndex{10}\): Foundational species increase food web complexity by facilitating species higher in the food chain. (A) Seven ecosystems with foundation species were sampled: coastal (seagrass, blue mussel, cordgrass), freshwater (watermilfoil, water-starwort) and terrestrial (Spanish moss, marram grass). (B) Food webs were constructed for both bare and foundation species-dominated replicate areas. (C) From each foundation species structured-food web, nodes (species) were randomly re…
