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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Norco_College/OpenStax_Biology_2e_for_Norco_College/31%3A_Population_and_Community_Ecology/31.07%3A_Community_EcologyPopulations rarely, if ever, live in isolation from populations of other species. In most cases, numerous species share a habitat. The interactions between these populations play a major role in regul...Populations rarely, if ever, live in isolation from populations of other species. In most cases, numerous species share a habitat. The interactions between these populations play a major role in regulating population growth and abundance. All populations occupying the same habitat form a community: populations inhabiting a specific area at the same time. The number of species occupying the same habitat and their relative abundance is known as species diversity.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Evergreen_Valley_College/Introduction_to_Ecology_(Kappus)/08%3A_Species_Interactions_in_Communities/8.05%3A_SymbiosisThere are many cases in which two species live in close association for long periods. Such associations are called symbiotic. In symbiosis, at least one member of the pair benefits from the relationsh...There are many cases in which two species live in close association for long periods. Such associations are called symbiotic. In symbiosis, at least one member of the pair benefits from the relationship. The other member may be injured (parasitism), relatively unaffected (commensalism) or may also benefit (mutualism).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Citrus_College/Citrus_College_General_Biology_Textbook/15%3A_Population_and_Community_Ecology/15.05%3A_Community_EcologyCommunities include all the different species living in a given area. The variety of these species is referred to as biodiversity. Many organisms have developed defenses against predation and herbivor...Communities include all the different species living in a given area. The variety of these species is referred to as biodiversity. Many organisms have developed defenses against predation and herbivory, including mechanical defenses, warning coloration, and mimicry. Two species cannot exist indefinitely in the same habitat competing directly for the same resources. Species may form symbiotic relationships such as commensalism, mutualism, or parasitism. Community structure is described by its fou
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/General_Ecology_Ecology/Chapter_14%3A_Introduction_to_Community_EcologyFigure 9: Foundational species increase food web complexity by facilitating species higher in the food chain. (A) Seven ecosystems with foundation species were sampled: coastal (seagrass, blue mussel,...Figure 9: Foundational species increase food web complexity by facilitating species higher in the food chain. (A) Seven ecosystems with foundation species were sampled: coastal (seagrass, blue mussel, cordgrass), freshwater (watermilfoil, water-starwort) and terrestrial (Spanish moss, marram grass). (B) Food webs were constructed for both bare and foundation species-dominated replicate areas. (C) From each foundation species structured-food web, nodes (species) were randomly removed until the s…
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/BIOL-11B_Clovis_Community_College/19%3A_Population_and_Community_Ecology/19.06%3A_Community_EcologyThe (a) honey locust tree (Gleditsia triacanthos) uses thorns, a mechanical defense, against herbivores, while the (b) Florida red-bellied turtle (Pseudemys nelsoni) uses its shell as a mechanical def...The (a) honey locust tree (Gleditsia triacanthos) uses thorns, a mechanical defense, against herbivores, while the (b) Florida red-bellied turtle (Pseudemys nelsoni) uses its shell as a mechanical defense against predators. (c) Foxglove (Digitalis sp.) uses a chemical defense: toxins produced by the plant can cause nausea, vomiting, hallucinations, convulsions, or death when consumed. (d) The North American millipede (Narceus americanus) uses both mechanical and chemical defenses: when threaten…
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/01%3A_Introduction_to_Ecology/1.02%3A_What_is_EcologyEcologists study the interactions of organisms with their environment. A core goal of ecology is to understand the distribution and abundance of organisms in the environment. This requires integrating...Ecologists study the interactions of organisms with their environment. A core goal of ecology is to understand the distribution and abundance of organisms in the environment. This requires integrating many scientific disciplines, such as biochemistry, physiology, evolution, biodiversity, molecular biology, geology, and climatology. Some ecological research also applies aspects of chemistry and physics, and it and it frequently uses mathematical models.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/17%3A_Mutualism_and_Commensalism/17.01%3A_IntroductionThe nests are light and produce little strain on the structural integrity of the branch, and most of the leaves, which the tree uses to get energy by photosynthesis, are above the nest so they are una...The nests are light and produce little strain on the structural integrity of the branch, and most of the leaves, which the tree uses to get energy by photosynthesis, are above the nest so they are unaffected. The glucose produced by the algae provides nourishment for both organisms, whereas the physical structure of the lichen protects the algae from the elements and makes certain nutrients in the atmosphere more available to the algae.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/17%3A_Mutualism_and_Commensalism/17.03%3A_Evolution_of_MutualismsThe obligate pollinating seed-predation mutualisms of the yucca and yucca moth and fig and fig wasps are attributed to coevolution diversification because the intimacy of the association may prevent s...The obligate pollinating seed-predation mutualisms of the yucca and yucca moth and fig and fig wasps are attributed to coevolution diversification because the intimacy of the association may prevent species from making phylogenetically drastic switches to new partners.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/17%3A_Mutualism_and_Commensalism/17.05%3A_Types_of_CommensalismsCases in which the phoront parasitizes or preys upon the host organism after travel are still considered phoresis, as long as the travel behavior and the feeding or parasitizing behavior are separate ...Cases in which the phoront parasitizes or preys upon the host organism after travel are still considered phoresis, as long as the travel behavior and the feeding or parasitizing behavior are separate (White et al., 2017). The distinctions between parasites, social parasites, and inquilines are subtle, and many species may fulfill the criteria for more than one of these, as inquilines do exhibit many of the same characteristics as parasites.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/General_Ecology_Ecology/Chapter_1%3A_Introduction_to_Ecology/1.1%3A_What_is_EcologyEcology is the study of the interactions of living organisms with their environment. One core goal of ecology is to understand the distribution and abundance of living things in the physical environme...Ecology is the study of the interactions of living organisms with their environment. One core goal of ecology is to understand the distribution and abundance of living things in the physical environment. Attainment of this goal requires the integration of scientific disciplines inside and outside of biology, such as biochemistry, physiology, evolution, biodiversity, molecular biology, geology, and climatology. It frequently uses mathematical models.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Map%3A_Raven_Biology_12th_Edition/55%3A_Community_Ecology/55.02%3A_The_Ecological_Niche_Concept/55.2.01%3A_Community_EcologyPopulations rarely, if ever, live in isolation from populations of other species. In most cases, numerous species share a habitat. The interactions between these populations play a major role in regul...Populations rarely, if ever, live in isolation from populations of other species. In most cases, numerous species share a habitat. The interactions between these populations play a major role in regulating population growth and abundance. All populations occupying the same habitat form a community: populations inhabiting a specific area at the same time. The number of species occupying the same habitat and their relative abundance is known as species diversity.
