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32: Plant Reproductive Development and Structure
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32.1: Plant Reproductive Development and Structure - Plant Reproductive Development and Structure
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Plants have developed various strategies, both sexual and asexual, to ensure reproductive success.
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32.2: Plant Reproductive Development and Structure - Sexual Reproduction in Gymnosperms
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Gymnosperms produce both male and female gametophytes on separate cones and rely on wind for pollination.
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32.3: Plant Reproductive Development and Structure - Sexual Reproduction in Angiosperms
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Angiosperms may be monoecious or dioecious and undergo sexual reproduction.
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32.4: Pollination and Fertilization - Introduction
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Plants can transfer pollen through self-pollination; however, the preferred method is cross-pollination, which maintains genetic diversity.
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32.5: Pollination and Fertilization - Pollination by Insects
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Plants have developed adaptations to promote symbiotic relationships with insects that ensure their pollination.
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32.6: Pollination and Fertilization - Pollination by Bats, Birds, Wind, and Water
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Non-insect methods of pollination include pollination by bats, birds, wind, and water.
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32.7: Pollination and Fertilization - Double Fertilization in Plants
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Angiosperms undergo two fertilization events where a zygote and endosperm are both formed.
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32.8: Pollination and Fertilization - Development of the Seed
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Monocot and dicot seeds develop in differing ways, but both contain seeds with a seed coat, cotyledons, endosperm, and a single embryo.
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32.9: Pollination and Fertilization - Development of Fruit and Fruit Types
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Fruits are categorized based on the part of the flower they developed from and how they release their seeds.
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32.10: Pollination and Fertilization - Fruit and Seed Dispersal
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Some fruits can disperse seeds on their own, while others require assistance from wind, water, or animals.
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32.11: Asexual Reproduction - Asexual Reproduction in Plants
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Plants can reproduce asexually, without the fertilization of gametes, by either vegetative reproduction or apomixis.
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32.12: Asexual Reproduction - Natural and Artificial Methods of Asexual Reproduction in Plants
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Plants can undergo natural methods of asexual reproduction, performed by the plant itself, or artificial methods, aided by humans.
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32.13: Asexual Reproduction - Plant Life Spans
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The life cycles and life spans of plants vary and are affected by environmental and genetic factors.