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30.1: The Plant Body - Plant Tissues and Organ Systems
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Plants are made up of meristematic and permanent tissues and are supported by shoot and root organ systems.
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30.2: Stems - Functions of Stems
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A stem connects the roots to the leaves, provides support, stores food, and holds the leaves, flowers, and buds.
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30.3: Stems - Stem Anatomy
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The stem’s anatomy consists of three tissue systems that work together to support, protect, and aid in nourishing the plant.
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30.4: Stems - Primary and Secondary Growth in Stems
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Plants undergo primary growth to increase length and secondary growth to increase thickness.
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30.5: Stems - Stem Modifications
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Stem modifications, either aboveground, underground, or aerial, enable plants to survive in particular habitats and environments.
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30.6: Roots - Types of Root Systems and Zones of Growth
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The root tip has three main zones: a zone of cell division, a zone of elongation, and a zone of maturation.
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30.7: Roots - Root Modifications
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Plants have a wide variety of roots for functions as diverse as structural support, food storage, and parasitism.
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30.8: Leaves - Leaf Structure and Arrangment
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Most leaves have similar essential structures, but differ in venation patterns and leaf arrangement (or phyllotaxy).
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30.9: Leaves - Types of Leaf Forms
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Leaves may be categorized as simple or compound, depending on how their blade (or lamina) is divided.
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30.10: Leaves - Leaf Structure, Function, and Adaptation
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Leaves have many structures that prevent water loss, transport compounds, aid in gas exchange, and protect the plant as a whole.
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30.11: Plant Development - Meristems
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Plant meristematic tissues are cells that divide in order to give rise to various organs of the plant and keep the plant growing.
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30.12: Plant Development - Genetic Control of Flowers
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A variety of genes control flower development, which involves sexual maturation and growth of reproductive organs as shown by the ABC model.
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30.13: Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants - Water and Solute Potential
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Water potential is the measure of potential energy in water and drives the movement of water through plants.
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30.14: Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants - Pressure, Gravity, and Matric Potential
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Water potential is affected by factors such as pressure, gravity, and matric potentials.
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30.15: Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants - Movement of Water and Minerals in the Xylem
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Transpiration aids in the movement of water and minerals in the xylem, but it must be controlled in order to prevent water loss.
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30.16: Transport of Water and Solutes in Plants - Transportation of Photosynthates in the Phloem
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Translocation moves photosynthates via the phloem from sources to sinks.
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30.17: Plant Sensory Systems and Responses - Plant Responses to Light
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Plants respond to light stimuli by growing, differentiating, tracking the time of day and seasons, and moving toward or away from the light.
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30.18: Plant Sensory Systems and Responses - The Phytochrome System and Red Light Response
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Plants use a phytochrome system to sense the level, intensity, duration, and color of environmental light to adjust their physiology.
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30.19: Plant Sensory Systems and Responses - Blue Light Response
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The protein-based receptors, phototropins and cryptochromes, sense blue light to alter plant physiology accordingly.
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30.20: Plant Sensory Systems and Responses - Plant Responses to Gravity
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Plant shoots grow away from gravity, toward sunlight, while plant roots grow into the soil in the direction of gravity.
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30.21: Plant Sensory Systems and Responses - Auxins, Cytokinins, and Gibberellins
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All physiological aspects of plants are affected by plant hormones (chemical messengers), including auxins, cytokinins, and gibberellins.
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30.22: Plant Sensory Systems and Responses - Abscisic Acid, Ethylene, and Nontraditional Hormones
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All physiological aspects of plants are affected by plant hormones, including abscisic acid, ethylene, and nontraditional hormones.
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30.23: Plant Sensory Systems and Responses - Plant Responses to Wind and Touch
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Plants respond to wind and touch by changing their direction of growth, movement, and shape.
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30.24: Plant Defense Mechanisms - Against Herbivores
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Plants defend against herbivores with mechanical wounding, barriers, secondary metabolites, and attraction of parasitoids.
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30.25: Plant Defense Mechanisms - Against Pathogens
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Plants defend against pathogens with barriers, secondary metabolites, and antimicrobial compounds.