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16.1: Regulation of Gene Expression - The Process and Purpose of Gene Expression Regulation
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Gene expression is a highly complex, regulated process that begins with DNA transcribed into RNA, which is then translated into protein.
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16.2: Regulation of Gene Expression - Prokaryotic versus Eukaryotic Gene Expression
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Prokaryotes regulate gene expression by controlling the amount of transcription, whereas eukaryotic control is much more complex.
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16.3: Prokaryotic Gene Regulation - The trp Operon- A Repressor Operon
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The trp operon is a repressor operon that is either activated or repressed based on the levels of tryptophan in the environment.
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16.4: Prokaryotic Gene Regulation - Catabolite Activator Protein (CAP)- An Activator Regulator
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When glucose levels decline in E. coli, catabolite activator protein (CAP) is bound by cAMP to promote transcription of the lac operon.
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16.5: Prokaryotic Gene Regulation - The lac Operon- An Inducer Operon
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The lac operon is an inducible operon that utilizes lactose as an energy source and is activated when glucose is low and lactose is present.
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16.6: Eukaryotic Gene Regulation - The Promoter and the Transcription Machinery
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When transcription factors bind to the promoter region, RNA polymerase is placed in an orientation that allows transcription to begin.
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16.7: Eukaryotic Gene Regulation - Transcriptional Enhancers and Repressors
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Enhancers increase the rate of transcription of genes, while repressors decrease the rate of transcription.
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16.8: Eukaryotic Gene Regulation - Epigenetic Control- Regulating Access to Genes within the Chromosome
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Both the packaging of DNA around histone proteins, as well as chemical modifications to the DNA or proteins, can alter gene expression.
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16.9: Eukaryotic Gene Regulation - RNA Splicing
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RNA splicing allows for the production of multiple protein isoforms from a single gene by removing introns and combining different exons.
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16.10: Eukaryotic Gene Regulation - The Initiation Complex and Translation Rate
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The first step of translation is ribosome assembly, which requires initiation factors.
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16.11: Eukaryotic Gene Regulation - Regulating Protein Activity and Longevity
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A cell can rapidly change the levels of proteins in response to the environment by adding specific chemical groups to alter gene regulation.
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16.12: Regulating Gene Expression in Cell Development - Gene Expression in Stem Cells
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Symmetric division maintains stem cell lines and asymmetric division yields differentiated cells.
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16.13: Regulating Gene Expression in Cell Development - Cellular Differentiation
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Cellular differentiation occurs so cells can specialize for different functions within an organism.
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16.14: Regulating Gene Expression in Cell Development - Mechanics of Cellular Differentation
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Cellular differentiation, a necessary process in development and maintenance of multicellularity, is regulated by transcription factors.
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16.15: Regulating Gene Expression in Cell Development - Establishing Body Axes during Development
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Animal bodies have three axes for symmetry (lateral-medial, dorsal-ventral and anterior-posterior) which are established in development.
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16.16: Regulating Gene Expression in Cell Development - Gene Expression for Spatial Positioning
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During development it is critical that specific gene expression patterns are established to signal and differentiate the cells appropriately.
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16.17: Regulating Gene Expression in Cell Development - Cell Migration in Multicellular Organisms
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Cell migration is necessary for development and maintenance of multicellularity, and occurs through varying mechanisms.
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16.18: Regulating Gene Expression in Cell Development - Programmed Cell Death
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Programmed cell death describes the death of a cell through a highly regulated process, and serves many functions in an organism.
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16.19: Cancer and Gene Regulation - Altered Gene Expression in Cancer
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Cancer, a disease of altered gene expression, is the result of gene mutations or dramatic changes in gene regulation.
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16.20: Cancer and Gene Regulation - Epigenetic Alterations in Cancer
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Common in cancer cells, silencing genes, which occur through epigenetic mechanisms, include modifications to histone proteins and DNA.
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16.21: Cancer and Gene Regulation - Cancer and Transcriptional Control
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Increased transcriptional activation of genes result in alterations of cell growth leading to abnormal gene expression, as seen in cancer.
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16.22: Cancer and Gene Regulation - Cancer and Post-Transcriptional Control
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Modifications, such as the overexpression of miRNAs, in the post-transcriptional control of a gene can result in cancer.
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16.23: Cancer and Gene Regulation - Cancer and Translational Control
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Cancer can arise from translational or post-translational modifications of proteins.