10.4: Glossary

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Apr 2, 2022
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- 10.3: Dichotomous Keys
- Back Matter

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K-strategy: population growth when there is small number of offspring with high probability to survive

r-strategy: population growth when there is huge number of offspring with low probability to survive

absorption zone: root: zone of root hairs

achene: one-seeded indehiscent dry fruit of Compositae, cypsella

adventitious roots: originate from stem

anatomy: invisible, internal structure which needs tools like a scalpel and/or mi- croscope to study

anomalous secondary growth: when there are multiple, short lived layers of cam- bium

apical meristems: RAM (see) and SAM (see)

apogamy: apomixis (see) when an embryo develops from unfertilized gamete, parthenogenesis

apomixis: making seeds without fertilization
apospory: apomixis (see) when an embryo develops from the maternal diploid tissue

ataktostele: vascular bundles dispersed

bipolar plant body: both root and shoot systems present

botany: the scientific study of plants and plant-like organisms

brachyblasts: shortened shoots of pines, larches and some other Pinaceae conifers

bract scales: sterile bracts under seed scales in conifers

buds: embryonic shoots

bulb: short, thick underground storage shoot with prevalence of leaf tissues

calciphytes: plants adapted to over-presence of $CaCO_3$

Casparian strips: part of endodermis cell walls which prevents apoplastic trans- port

central cell: biggest cell of embryo sac, with two (or sometimes one) haploid nuclei

cladophylls: leaf-like, flattened shoots

cleistogamous: self-pollinated flowers which do not open

collenchyma: living supportive tissue

companion cells: nucleate “helpers” to anucleate sieve tube cells

complex tissues: tissues with more than one type of cells

compound fruit: fruit originated from the whole inflorescence: infrutescence

compound leaves: leaves with two or more level of hierarchy roots which pull plant deeper in substrate
contractile roots: roots which pull plant deeper in substrate
corm: short, thick underground storage shoot with prevalence of stem tissues
cortex: external layer of primary stem or root
cotyledon: embryonic leaf
cross-pollination: pollination between genetically different plants
cuticle: plastic-like isolation layer
dehiscent: fruits which open
dichotomous: branching: when terminal bud always divides in two
double fertilization: the process when two brother male gametes fertilize two sis- ter female cells
elongation zone: root: zone of expanding cells
embryo sac: female gametophyte of flowering plants
endodermis: the innermost layer of cortex
endophytic fungi: fungi which grow inside plant body
endosperm $_1$: haploid nutrition tissue originated from female gametophyte
endosperm $_2$: triploid (sometimes diploid) nutrition tissue originated from second fertilization
epicotyl: first internode of the stem
epidermis: complex surface tissue
eustele: vascular bundles in a ring
exodermis: the outermost layer of cortex
fibers: long and narrow sclerenchyma cells
fibrous root system: no primary root visible
fiddleheads: spiral tops of young fern leaves
floral units (FU): elements of generative system, fructifications
flower: compact generative shoot with sterile, male and female zones, specifically in that order, other flower terms see in the separate glossary in the text
fronds: leaves of ferns
fruit: ripe floral unit (FU)
fusiform initials: cambium cells which make vessel elements
general characters: in leaf description, characters which are applicable only to the leaf as a whole
generative shoot system: all generative shoots together
ground meristem: primary meristem which makes cortex and pith
ground tissue: same as parenchyma (see) but only applied for tissue
halophytes: plants adapted to over-presence of NaCl
haustoria: sucker roots of parasitic plants
heartwood: non-functional part of wood
heliophytes: plants adapted to full sun
hemiparasites: photosynthetic plants, feeding partly on other plants
heterophylly: situation when one plant has more than one leaf type
heterosporic: with male and female spores
homoiohydric: plants that save water
hydrophytes: plants growing in water and frequently using water for the support
hygrophytes: terrestrial or partly submerged plants adapted to the excess water
hypocotyl: root/stem transitional place
idioblasts: solitary cells dissimilar from surrounding cells
indehiscent: fruits which do not open
indusia: covers of groups of sporangia (sori)
inflorescence: isolated generative shoot
integument: extra cover of megasporangium
intercalary: meristems which grow in two directions
internodes: spaces between nodes
lateral meristem: cambium, meristem appearing sideways
lateral veins: smaller veins, typically branching out of the main vein (see)leaf lateral photosynthetic organ of shoot with restricted growth
leaf primordia: embryonic leaves
leaf scars: marks of leaf petioles
leaf traces: marks of leaf vascular bundles
lenticels: “openings” in bark allowing for gas exchange
leptosporangia: sporangia with 1-celled wall
main vein: central, most visible vascular bundle of leaf (midrib)
marginal: meristems which are located on margins
maturation zone: root: oldest part of root
megaphyllous: with leaves originated from joint branches
megasporangia: female sporangia
megaspore: female spore
megasporophylls: modified leaves with attached megasporangia
meristems: sites of cell division
merosity: multiple of flower parts numbers
mesophyll: photosynthetic parenchyma of leaf
mesophytes: plants adapted to the average water
microspores: male spores
microsporgangia: male sporangia
monilophytes: all Pteridophyta except lycophytes
monopodial: branching: when terminal bud continues to grow every year
morphology: visible, external structure
multiple fruit: fruit originated from many pistils
mycoparasites: plants feeding on soil fungi
mycorrhiza: roots symbiotic with fungi
nodes: place where leaves are attached
nucellus: wall of megasporangium
ocrea: part of the leaf which goes upwards along the stem
opposite: leaf arrangement: two leaves per node
organ: union of different tissues which have common function(s) and origin
orthotropic: growth: vertical
ovule: seed plants: megasporangium with integument
oxylophytes: plants adapted to acidic substrates
palisade mesophyll: mesophyll of elongated, tightly packed cells
parcellate: reproduce vegetatively with easily rooted body parts
parenchyma: tissue or cell type of spherical, roughly connected living cells
perforations: openings
pericarp: most of fruit tissue
pericycle: parenchyma layer just outside of vascular tissues
periderm: secondary dermal tissue
perisperm: nutrition tissue originated from nucellus (see)
peristome: mosses: attachment to moss sporangium, helps to distribute spores
petrophytes: plants adapted to grow on rocky substrates
phellem: external layer of periderm, cork
phelloderm: internal layer of periderm
phellogen: cork cambium, lateral meristem making periderm
phloem: vascular tissue transporting sugars
phyllode: leaf-like petioles
phyllotaxis: leaf arrangement
pistil: cupule, additional cover of ovules
pit: structure connecting tracheids
pith: central layer of primary stem or root
plagiotropic: growth: horizontal
plants: are not animals!
plants $_1$: all photosynthetic organisms
plants $_2$: kingdom Vegetabilia
pneumatophores: air-catching heliotropic roots
poikilohydric: plants that do not save water
pollen sac: seed plants: microsporangium
pollen tube: fungus-like cell which brings spermatia (see) to egg
pollination: transfer of male gametophytes (pollen grains) from microsporangia (pollen sacs) to megasporangia (ovules) or cupules (pistils)
prickles: modified, prickly stem surface growths
primary meristems: intermediate tissues which start out of apical meristems and make primary tissues
primary root: originates from embryo root
primary stem: stem with primary tissues only
primary tissues: tissues originated from RAM or SAM (optionally through inter- mediate meristems)
procambium: intermediate meristem developing into cortex, pith and procam- bium, primary meristem which makes vascular tissues
protoderm: primary meristem which produce epidermis or rhizodermis
protonema: mosses: embryonic thread of cells
protostele: central xylem surrounded with phloem
psammophytes: plants adapted to grow on sandy substrates
quiescent center: core part of root apical meristem
raceme: basic monopodially branched inflorescence (Model I)
radial: section: cross-section
RAM: root apical meristem
ray initials: cambium cells which make rays
rays: stem: parenchyma cells arranged for horizontal transport
repetitive characters: in leaf description, characters which are applicable to the leaf parts on each level of hierarchy
rheophytes: water plants adapted to fast moving water
rhizodermis: root epidermis, root hairs
rhizoid cells: dead cells accumulating water apoplastically
rhizome: underground horizontal shoot
ring porous: wood: with large vessel elements mostly in early wood
root: an axial organ of plant with geotropic growth
root cap: protects root meristem
root nodules: bulb-like structures which contain nitrogen-fixing bacteria
root pressure: pressure force made solely by roots
SAM: stem apical meristem
sapwood: functional part of wood
schizocarp: fruits which segregate into smaller indehiscent units
sciophytes: plants adapted to shade
sclerenchyma: dead supportive tissue
sclerophytes: plants preventing water loss, they frequently employ sclerenchyma
secondary (lateral) roots: originate from primary root (see)
secondary vascular tissues: secondary phloem and secondary xylem
seed: chimeric structure with mother (seed coat), daughter (embryo) and endosperm genotypes
seed scales: megasporophylls (see) of conifers
seta: mosses: stalk of the sporogon (see)
sheath: part of leaf which surrounds the stem
shoot plant body: unipolar body: no root system, shoots only
sieve tube cells: living cells which transport sugar
simple fruit: fruit originated mostly from one pistil
simple leaf: leaf with one level of hierarchy
simple tissues: tissues with uniform cells
siphonogamy: fertilization with the help of pollen tube
solenostele: vascular bundles in “hollow” cylinder
sori: clusters of sporangia
spermatium: aflagellate, non-motile sperm cell (plural: spermatia)
spines: reduced, prickly leaves
spiral: leaf arrangement, or alternate leaf arrangement: one leaf per node
spongy mesophyll: mesophyll of round, roughly packed cells
sporogon: moss sporophyte
stele: configuration of vascular tissues in stem or root
stem: axial organ of shoot
stipules: small attachments to the leaf; typically, located near the base of petiole
stolon: aboveground horizontal shoot
stomata: (stoma) pores which opened and closed by guard cells
succulents: plants accumulate water
surface / volume law: when body size grows, body surface grows slower then body volume (and weight)
sympodial: branching: when terminal bud degrades every year
synangia: adnate sporangia
tangential: section when plane is tangent to surface
tap root system: primary root well developed
tendrils: organ modifications using for climbing
terminal characters: in leaf description, characters which are applicable only to the leaf terminals (leaflets)
thallus: flat, non-differentiated body
thorns: prickly shoots
thyrsus: basic sympodially branched inflorescence (Model II)
tissue: is a union of cells which have common origin, function and similar morphology
tracheary elements: water-transporting dead cells
tracheids: tracheary elements without perforations (openings)
transverse: section: longitudinal
tuber: enlarged portion of rhizome
tyloses: “stoppers” for tracheary elements made by parenchyma cells, vessel el- ement “stoppers”
vascular bundles: “chords” made of xylem (inner) and phloem (outer) layers
vascular cylinder: “hollow” cylinder made of xylem (inner) and phloem (outer) layers
vascular plants: Pteridophyta + Spermatophyta
vascular tissues: tissues which transport Shoot systemliquids
velamen: absorption tissue made of dead cells
vessel members: tracheary elements with preforations (openings)
wood: secondary xylem, stem: everything deeper than vascular cambium
xerophytes: plants adapted to the scarce water
xylem: vascular tissue transporting water

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