15: Glucose, Glycogen, and Their Metabolic Regulation
- Page ID
- 68894
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Return to Fundamentals of Biochemistry Search Fundamentals of Biochemistry
- 15.1: Insulin Signaling in the Liver
- The page explores the molecular structure and function of glycogen as a rapid-access energy reserve, emphasizing its glycosidic bonds and branched structure. It outlines the biochemical pathways for glycogen synthesis and breakdown, highlighting the roles of key enzymes and the regulatory mechanisms influenced by hormones such as insulin and glucagon.
- 15.2: Glycogenesis
- The page provides a detailed exploration of glycogenesis ??? the process of glycogen formation. It covers the roles and mechanisms of key enzymes involved, such as glycogen synthase, UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase, glycogenin, and the glycogen branching enzyme, emphasizing their regulatory interactions and structural dynamics.
- 15.3: Glycogenolysis and its Regulation by Glucagon and Epinephrine Signaling
- This page presents a comprehensive exploration of glycogenolysis, emphasizing the mechanisms, enzymatic actions, and regulatory pathways involved. Key topics include the catalytic actions of glycogen phosphorylase and the glycogen debranching enzyme, focusing on their roles in glycogen breakdown. The conversion and dephosphorylation processes of glucose-1-phosphate in the liver are detailed, alongside hormonal regulation by glucagon and epinephrine.
- 15.4: Regulation of Glycolysis
- The page delves deeply into the regulation of key glycolytic enzymes: hexokinase, phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1), and pyruvate kinase. It discusses hexokinase's role in glucose trapping, variability due to isozymes, and the influence of glucose-6-phosphate. The text outlines PFK-1's regulation by allosteric effectors like ATP and AMP, and gluconeogenesis vs. glycolysis control via fructose 2,6-bisphosphate.
- 15.5: Regulation of Gluconeogenesis
- The page details the regulatory mechanisms involved in gluconeogenesis, focusing on three key enzymes: pyruvate carboxylase, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), and fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase. It discusses how these enzymes are regulated through allosteric effectors and hormonal influences. The page emphasizes the critical roles these enzymes play in controlling gluconeogenesis, thereby maintaining metabolic homeostasis by responding to cellular energy demands.