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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/New_England_College/Microbiology_with_NEC/05%3A_Mechanisms_of_Microbial_Genetics/5.07%3A_Gene_Regulation_and_Operon_TheoryGenomic DNA contains both structural genes, which encode products that serve as cellular structures or enzymes, and regulatory genes, which encode products that regulate gene expression. The expressio...Genomic DNA contains both structural genes, which encode products that serve as cellular structures or enzymes, and regulatory genes, which encode products that regulate gene expression. The expression of a gene is a highly regulated process. Whereas regulating gene expression in multicellular organisms allows for cellular differentiation, in single-celled organisms like prokaryotes, it ensures that a cell’s resources are not wasted making proteins that the cell does not need at that time.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Portland_Community_College/Cascade_Microbiology/09%3A_Mechanisms_of_Microbial_Genetics/9.7%3A_Gene_Regulation%3A_Operon_TheoryGenomic DNA contains both structural genes, which encode products that serve as cellular structures or enzymes, and regulatory genes, which encode products that regulate gene expression. The expressio...Genomic DNA contains both structural genes, which encode products that serve as cellular structures or enzymes, and regulatory genes, which encode products that regulate gene expression. The expression of a gene is a highly regulated process. Whereas regulating gene expression in multicellular organisms allows for cellular differentiation, in single-celled organisms like prokaryotes, it ensures that a cell’s resources are not wasted making proteins that the cell does not need at that time.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/Unit_IV_-_Special_Topics/28%3A_Biosignaling_-_Capstone_Volume_I/28.12%3A_mTOR_and_Nutrient_SignalingThe page on "mTOR and Nutrient Signaling" for biochemistry majors outlines learning goals to understand the role of mTOR as a regulator of cell growth and metabolism. Key areas include understanding t...The page on "mTOR and Nutrient Signaling" for biochemistry majors outlines learning goals to understand the role of mTOR as a regulator of cell growth and metabolism. Key areas include understanding the structure and function of mTOR complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2), the upstream nutrient signals affecting mTOR activity, and the downstream cellular outcomes.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/16%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Plants/16.05%3A_Plant_Development_-_Hormones/16.5D%3A_EthyleneThis page discusses ethylene, a gaseous plant hormone essential for fruit ripening, released as fruits mature. Commercial growers use ethylene generation equipment for uniform ripening. Ethylene is de...This page discusses ethylene, a gaseous plant hormone essential for fruit ripening, released as fruits mature. Commercial growers use ethylene generation equipment for uniform ripening. Ethylene is detected by receptors in plant cell ER, triggering a signaling cascade that activates transcription factors and gene expression.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/09%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression/9.10%3A_PalindromesThis page explains palindromes, which read the same forwards and backwards, and highlights their significance in DNA. It discusses how palindromes serve as target sequences for restriction enzymes and...This page explains palindromes, which read the same forwards and backwards, and highlights their significance in DNA. It discusses how palindromes serve as target sequences for restriction enzymes and the role of inverted repeats in transcription factor binding. Additionally, it notes the presence of inverted repeats in transposons, retroviral genes, and the human Y chromosome, where they may improve gene repair through homologous recombination.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/14%3A_Embryonic_Development_and_its_Regulation/14.01%3A_Embryonic_DevelopmentThis page outlines embryonic development in animals, which includes four stages: Cleavage (rapid cell division of the zygote), Patterning (cell organization and body axis establishment), Differentiati...This page outlines embryonic development in animals, which includes four stages: Cleavage (rapid cell division of the zygote), Patterning (cell organization and body axis establishment), Differentiation (activation of zygotic genes for specific cell types), and Growth. It emphasizes the transition from maternal mRNA to the embryo's genome. Research on frogs and snails illustrates the significance of mRNA distribution and protein gradients during early development.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/14%3A_Embryonic_Development_and_its_Regulation/14.05%3A_Segmentation_-_Organizing_the_EmbryoThis page details the segmentation of Drosophila melanogaster, which features 14 body segments (3 head, 3 thoracic, 8 abdominal). The segmentation is controlled by maternal mRNA gradients, particularl...This page details the segmentation of Drosophila melanogaster, which features 14 body segments (3 head, 3 thoracic, 8 abdominal). The segmentation is controlled by maternal mRNA gradients, particularly bicoid and nanos, influencing genes like hunchback and even-skipped. These gradients function as transcription factors, facilitating gene activation patterns crucial for segment formation.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/09%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression/9.07%3A_FootprintingThis page explains the technique of footprinting, which is used to identify DNA sequences where DNA-binding proteins attach. It involves cloning the DNA with the binding site, labeling it, and digesti...This page explains the technique of footprinting, which is used to identify DNA sequences where DNA-binding proteins attach. It involves cloning the DNA with the binding site, labeling it, and digesting it with DNase I to create radioactive fragments. Protein-bound regions, such as the lac repressor, remain undigested, resulting in gaps on an autoradiogram. By comparing these gaps to a DNA sequencing ladder, the specific base sequence of the operator can be determined.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/Unit_IV_-_Special_Topics/28%3A_Biosignaling_-_Capstone_Volume_I/28.04%3A__The_next_step_-_Downsteam_intracellular_signalingThis document provides a comprehensive overview of intracellular signaling, focusing on various pathways such as those mediated by PKA, PKC, AKAPs, RTKs, JAK/STAT, and Src family kinases, as well as M...This document provides a comprehensive overview of intracellular signaling, focusing on various pathways such as those mediated by PKA, PKC, AKAPs, RTKs, JAK/STAT, and Src family kinases, as well as MAPK cascades. It discusses the components involved in signal transduction, their mechanisms of activation and regulation, and the integration of different pathways to generate specific cellular responses.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/03%3A_Unit_III-_Information_Pathway/25%3A_RNA_Metabolism/25.01%3A_DNA-Dependent_Synthesis_of_RNAThis page provides an in-depth exploration of the fundamentals of biochemistry related to RNA, focusing on transcription processes across prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. It delves into RNA's struc...This page provides an in-depth exploration of the fundamentals of biochemistry related to RNA, focusing on transcription processes across prokaryotic and eukaryotic systems. It delves into RNA's structural similarities and differences with DNA, elaborates on the various types of RNA (mRNA, rRNA, tRNA, and ncRNAs), and describes the roles and mechanisms of transcriptional elongation and termination.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/Book-_Cells_-_Molecules_and_Mechanisms_(Wong)/11%3A_Gene_Regulation/11.02%3A_Eukaryotic_Transcriptional_RegulationAs with almost every comparison with prokaryotic systems, regulation of eukaryotic transcription is much more complex than prokaryotic gene control, although still based on similar mechanisms of activ...As with almost every comparison with prokaryotic systems, regulation of eukaryotic transcription is much more complex than prokaryotic gene control, although still based on similar mechanisms of activators and repressors. There is no close eukaryotic equivalent to operons, though: eukaryotic genes are always transcribed one per mRNA.
