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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/20%3A_Biogeochemical_Cycles/20.06%3A_Eutrophication_and_Dead_Zones.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/20%3A_Biogeochemical_Cycles/20.04%3A__The_Nitrogen_CycleHuman activity can release nitrogen into the environment by two primary means: the combustion of fossil fuels, which releases different nitrogen oxides, and by the use of artificial fertilizers (which...Human activity can release nitrogen into the environment by two primary means: the combustion of fossil fuels, which releases different nitrogen oxides, and by the use of artificial fertilizers (which contain nitrogen and phosphorus compounds) in agriculture, which are then washed into lakes, streams, and rivers by surface runoff.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/17%3A_Ecology/17.02%3A_Cycles_of_Matter_in_the_Biosphere/17.2B%3A_Nitrogen_CycleThis page explains the nitrogen cycle, highlighting the essential role of nitrogen for life. It describes processes such as nitrogen fixation (by bacteria, archaea, and industrial methods), decay (con...This page explains the nitrogen cycle, highlighting the essential role of nitrogen for life. It describes processes such as nitrogen fixation (by bacteria, archaea, and industrial methods), decay (converting organic nitrogen to ammonia), nitrification (ammonia to nitrates), and denitrification (returning nitrogen to the atmosphere), all driven by microorganisms. It also notes that agricultural practices influence these cycles, sometimes causing ecological problems like eutrophication.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/20%3A_Biogeochemical_Cycles/20.01%3A_Biogeochemical_CyclesSome other examples of reservoirs or pools for water you will encounter in the course include glaciers; the soil layer; the aggregate of bodies of fresh water on the continents (rivers and lakes). If ...Some other examples of reservoirs or pools for water you will encounter in the course include glaciers; the soil layer; the aggregate of bodies of fresh water on the continents (rivers and lakes). If the flux of material into and out of a given reservoir is the same for some period of time, that reservoir is said to be in a steady state.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/General_Ecology_Ecology/Chapter_20%3A_Biogeochemical_Cycles/20.3%3A_Eutrophication_and_Dead_Zones.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/01%3A_The_Chemical_Basis_of_Life/1.02%3A_Elements_and_AtomsThis page explains that elements are pure substances composed of one type of atom, crucial for life, with only around 25 of Earth's 90 elements being essential. It details atomic structure, focusing o...This page explains that elements are pure substances composed of one type of atom, crucial for life, with only around 25 of Earth's 90 elements being essential. It details atomic structure, focusing on the nucleus and outer electrons, which dictate chemical behavior, valence, and electronegativity. Elements with similar outer electron configurations share chemical properties and react to achieve stability.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/General_Ecology_Ecology/Chapter_17%3A_Symbioses/17.4%3A_Maintenance_of_MutualismsThis reduces fitness for both the plant and the moth that laid the egg, and is a form of sanctioning by the plant. This graph was simulated from the real values found by Pellmyr and Huth in their grou...This reduces fitness for both the plant and the moth that laid the egg, and is a form of sanctioning by the plant. This graph was simulated from the real values found by Pellmyr and Huth in their groundbreaking 1994 paper, which showed that mutualisms are not always strictly collaborative, but can involve tension between opposing forces (the plant needs pollination, but doesn't 'want' seeds eaten, the moth needs to lay as many eggs as it can) held in check by natural selection.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/General_Ecology_Ecology/Chapter_5%3A_Terrestrial_and_Aquatic_Communities/5.1%3A_Earth's_Biomes/5.1.1%3A_BiogeographyMany forces influence the communities of living organisms present in different parts of the biosphere (all of the parts of Earth inhabited by life). The biosphere extends into the atmosphere (several ...Many forces influence the communities of living organisms present in different parts of the biosphere (all of the parts of Earth inhabited by life). The biosphere extends into the atmosphere (several kilometers above Earth) and into the depths of the oceans. Despite its apparent vastness to an individual human, the biosphere occupies only a minute space when compared to the known universe. Many abiotic forces influence where life can exist and the types of organisms found in the biosphere.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/18%3A_Ecological_Succession/18.03%3A_Patterns_of_Diversity_Following_DisturbanceDisturbance typically increases diversity at the landscape scale, but intense disturbances can initially decrease diversity at the site scale. This scale-dependent process can be described with differ...Disturbance typically increases diversity at the landscape scale, but intense disturbances can initially decrease diversity at the site scale. This scale-dependent process can be described with different diversity metrics, some of which we will explore in this chapter; others will be introduced later.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/17%3A_Mutualism_and_Commensalism/17.04%3A_Maintenance_of_MutualismsThis reduces fitness for both the plant and the moth that laid the egg, and is a form of sanctioning by the plant. This graph was simulated from the real values found by Pellmyr and Huth in their grou...This reduces fitness for both the plant and the moth that laid the egg, and is a form of sanctioning by the plant. This graph was simulated from the real values found by Pellmyr and Huth in their groundbreaking 1994 paper, which showed that mutualisms are not always strictly collaborative, but can involve tension between opposing forces (the plant needs pollination, but doesn't 'want' seeds eaten, the moth needs to lay as many eggs as it can) held in check by natural selection.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/General_Ecology_Ecology/Chapter_18%3A_Ecological_Succession/18.3%3A_Patterns_of_Diversity_Following_DisturbanceDisturbance typically increases diversity at the landscape scale, but intense disturbances can initially decrease diversity at the site scale. This scale-dependent process can be described with differ...Disturbance typically increases diversity at the landscape scale, but intense disturbances can initially decrease diversity at the site scale. This scale-dependent process can be described with different diversity metrics, some of which we will explore in this chapter; others will be introduced later.
