20.1: Bacterial Infections of the Circulatory and Lymphatic Systems
- Identify and compare bacteria that most commonly cause infections of the circulatory and lymphatic systems
- Compare the major characteristics of specific bacterial diseases affecting the circulatory and lymphatic systems
Bacteria can enter the circulatory and lymphatic systems through acute infections or breaches of the skin barrier or mucosa. Breaches may occur through fairly common occurrences, such as insect bites or small wounds. Even the act of tooth brushing, which can cause small ruptures in the gums, may introduce bacteria into the circulatory system. In most cases, the bacteremia that results from such common exposures is transient and remains below the threshold of detection. In severe cases, bacteremia can lead to septicemia with dangerous complications such as toxemia, sepsis, and septic shock. In these situations, it is often the immune response to the infection that results in the clinical signs and symptoms rather than the microbes themselves.
Bacterial Sepsis, Septic and Toxic Shock
Puerperal Sepsis
Infectious Arthritis
Osteomyelitis
Key Concepts and Summary
- Bacterial infections of the circulatory system are almost universally serious. Left untreated, most have high mortality rates.
- Bacterial pathogens usually require a breach in the immune defenses to colonize the circulatory system. Most often, this involves a wound or the bite of an arthropod vector, but it can also occur in hospital settings and result in nosocomial infections.
- Sepsis from both gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, puerperal fever, osteomyelitis, and toxic shock syndrome are typically a result of injury or introduction of bacteria by medical or surgical intervention.
- Because their symptoms are so similar to those of other diseases, many bacterial infections of the circulatory system are difficult to diagnose.
- Standard antibiotic therapies are effective for the treatment of most bacterial infections of the circulatory system, unless the bacterium is resistant, in which case synergistic treatment may be required.
- The systemic immune response to a bacteremia, which involves the release of excessive amounts of cytokines, can sometimes be more damaging to the host than the infection itself.