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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Folsom_Lake_College/BIOL_440%3A_General_Microbiology_(Panoutsopoulos)/04%3A_Microbial_Growth_and_Metabolism/4.04%3A_Microbial_MetabolismThe term used to describe all of the chemical reactions inside a cell is metabolism. Throughout earth’s history, microbial metabolism has been a driving force behind the development and maintenance of...The term used to describe all of the chemical reactions inside a cell is metabolism. Throughout earth’s history, microbial metabolism has been a driving force behind the development and maintenance of the planet’s biosphere. Prokaryotes can metabolize a wide range of organic as well as inorganic matter, from complex organic molecules like cellulose to inorganic molecules and ions. By metabolizing such substances, microbes chemically convert them to other forms.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Sacramento_City_College/BIOL_342%3A_The_New_Plagues_-_New_and_Ancient_Infectious_Diseases_Threatening_World_Health_(Hughes)/06%3A_Week_6/11%3A_Digestive_System_Infections/11.01%3A_Anatomy_and_Normal_Microbiota_of_the_Digestive_SystemThe human digestive system, or the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, begins with the mouth and ends with the anus. The parts of the mouth include the teeth, the gums, the tongue, the oral vestibule (the sp...The human digestive system, or the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, begins with the mouth and ends with the anus. The parts of the mouth include the teeth, the gums, the tongue, the oral vestibule (the space between the gums, lips, and teeth), and the oral cavity proper (the space behind the teeth and gums). Other parts of the GI tract are the pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Folsom_Lake_College/BIOL_440%3A_General_Microbiology_(Panoutsopoulos)/06%3A_The_Immune_System_Nonspecific_and_Specific_Defenses/6.03%3A_Specific_Adaptive_Host_Defenses/6.3.02%3A_Antigens_Antigen_Presenting_Cells_and_Major_Histocompatibility_ComplexesMajor histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are expressed on the surface of healthy cells, identifying them as normal and “self” to natural killer (NK) cells. MHC molecules also play an important...Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are expressed on the surface of healthy cells, identifying them as normal and “self” to natural killer (NK) cells. MHC molecules also play an important role in the presentation of foreign antigens, which is a critical step in the activation of T cells and thus an important mechanism of the adaptive immune system.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Folsom_Lake_College/BIOL_440%3A_General_Microbiology_(Panoutsopoulos)/10%3A_Infectious_Diseases_affecting_the_Gastrointestinal_Tract_and_Respiratory_System/10.04%3A_Respiratory_System_Infections/10.4.E%3A_Respiratory_System_Infections_(Exercises)Members of the normal microbiota may cause opportunistic infections, using a variety of strategies to overcome the innate nonspecific defenses (including the mucociliary escalator) and adaptive specif...Members of the normal microbiota may cause opportunistic infections, using a variety of strategies to overcome the innate nonspecific defenses (including the mucociliary escalator) and adaptive specific defenses of the respiratory system. Although the diseases that they cause may range from mild to severe, in most cases, the microbes remain localized within the respiratory system. What role does the common cold have in the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria in the United States?
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Prince_Georges_Community_College/PGCC_Microbiology/01%3A_Introduction_to_Microbiology/1.06%3A_History_of_Microbiology/1.6.06%3A_Improvement_in_Public_HealthSome important researchers, such as Florence Nightingale, subscribed to the miasma hypothesis. The transition to acceptance of the germ theory during the 19th century provided a solid mechanistic grou...Some important researchers, such as Florence Nightingale, subscribed to the miasma hypothesis. The transition to acceptance of the germ theory during the 19th century provided a solid mechanistic grounding to the study of disease patterns. The studies of 19th century physicians and researchers such as John Snow, Florence Nightingale, Ignaz Semmelweis, Joseph Lister, Robert Koch, Louis Pasteur, and others sowed the seeds of modern epidemiology.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Prince_Georges_Community_College/PGCC_Microbiology/05%3A_Infectious_Diseases_and_Epidemiology/5.06%3A_Introduction_to_Epidemiology/5.6.03%3A_Global_Public_HealthA large number of international programs and agencies are involved in efforts to promote global public health. Among their goals are developing infrastructure in health care, public sanitation, and pu...A large number of international programs and agencies are involved in efforts to promote global public health. Among their goals are developing infrastructure in health care, public sanitation, and public health capacity; monitoring infectious disease occurrences around the world; coordinating communications between national public health agencies in various countries; and coordinating international responses to major health crises.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Clinton_College/BIO_403%3A_Microbiology_(Neely)/04%3A_Microbial_Growth_and_Metabolism/4.01%3A_Microbial_Growth/4.1.04%3A_Temperature_and_Microbial_GrowthMicroorganisms thrive at a wide range of temperatures; they have colonized different natural environments and have adapted to extreme temperatures. Both extreme cold and hot temperatures require evolu...Microorganisms thrive at a wide range of temperatures; they have colonized different natural environments and have adapted to extreme temperatures. Both extreme cold and hot temperatures require evolutionary adjustments to macromolecules and biological processes. Psychrophiles grow best in the temperature range of 0–15 °C whereas psychrotrophs thrive between 4 °C and 25 °C. Mesophiles grow best at moderate temperatures in the range of 20 °C to about 45 °C. Pathogens are usually mesophiles.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Folsom_Lake_College/BIOL_440%3A_General_Microbiology_(Panoutsopoulos)/02%3A_Bacteria_Archaea_and_Eukaryotic_Microorganisms/2.01%3A_Prokaryotic_DiversityThis chapter will examine the diversity, structure, and function of prokaryotes. Prokaryotes have an important role in changing, shaping, and sustaining the entire biosphere. They can produce proteins...This chapter will examine the diversity, structure, and function of prokaryotes. Prokaryotes have an important role in changing, shaping, and sustaining the entire biosphere. They can produce proteins and other substances used by molecular biologists in basic research and in medicine and industry
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Folsom_Lake_College/BIOL_440%3A_General_Microbiology_(Panoutsopoulos)/05%3A_Interactions_between_Microbes_and_Humans_and_Antimicrobial_Treatment/5.01%3A_Control_of_Microbial_Growth/5.1.02%3A_Using_Physical_Methods_to_Control_MicroorganismsFor thousands of years, humans have used various physical methods of microbial control for food preservation. Common control methods include the application of high temperatures, radiation, filtration...For thousands of years, humans have used various physical methods of microbial control for food preservation. Common control methods include the application of high temperatures, radiation, filtration, and desiccation (drying), among others. Many of these methods nonspecifically kill cells by disrupting membranes, changing membrane permeability, or damaging proteins and nucleic acids by denaturation, degradation, or chemical modification.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Folsom_Lake_College/BIOL_440%3A_General_Microbiology_(Panoutsopoulos)/05%3A_Interactions_between_Microbes_and_Humans_and_Antimicrobial_Treatment/5.03%3A_Antimicrobial_Drugs/5.3.04%3A_Clinical_ConsiderationsBecause fungi, protozoans, and helminths are eukaryotic organisms like human cells, it is more challenging to develop antimicrobial drugs that specifically target them. Similarly, it is hard to target...Because fungi, protozoans, and helminths are eukaryotic organisms like human cells, it is more challenging to develop antimicrobial drugs that specifically target them. Similarly, it is hard to target viruses because human viruses replicate inside of human cells.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Folsom_Lake_College/BIOL_440%3A_General_Microbiology_(Panoutsopoulos)/04%3A_Microbial_Growth_and_Metabolism/4.04%3A_Microbial_Metabolism/4.4.01%3A_Energy_Matter_and_EnzymesCellular processes such as the building or breaking down of complex molecules occur through series of stepwise, interconnected chemical reactions called metabolic pathways. The term anabolism refers t...Cellular processes such as the building or breaking down of complex molecules occur through series of stepwise, interconnected chemical reactions called metabolic pathways. The term anabolism refers to those endergonic metabolic pathways involved in biosynthesis, converting simple molecular building blocks into more complex molecules, and fueled by the use of cellular energy.
