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Bio 30 Lab
Lab 6 Musculoskeletal Anatomy Part 2: Skeletal Muscle

Lab 6 Musculoskeletal Anatomy Part 2: Skeletal Muscle

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Objectives:

At the end of this lab, you will be able to…

Using appropriate anatomical terminology correctly identify muscles by using correct anatomical (Latin) name
Using appropriate anatomical terminology correctly identify type of motion generated by the muscles of importance
Differentiate between classifications of architecture of muscles by shape
Describe the agonist/antagonist relationships between muscles surrounding joints of importance
Correctly identify and mimic generalized movement patterns based on individual muscles or muscle groups

Pre-Lab Exercises:

After reading through the lab activities prior to lab, complete the following before you start your lab.

1.      The naming rules for muscles include names based on:                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 .
2.      How many biceps muscles are found in the body?
3.      The muscles on the dorsal side of the thorax will                                                 the trunk while the muscles on the ventral side of the abdominal cavity will                                                                 the trunk.
4.      Color the images for use as a reference for identifying the muscles and showing actions of the muscles.

Materials:

Muscle Models
Stickers
Felt pens

Activity 1: Naming Principles, Origins and Insertions:

The methods to name muscles include: the fiber arrangement, the location, the size, the number of origins (heads), the shape, the action, the origin and insertions or the bone that the muscle overlays. In some cases, we will combine these methods for naming as some muscles may have one or more method of classification in common. Which is why we must be very careful to include the entirety of the name of the muscle, such as biceps brachii, and not just simply use biceps. As there are multiple Bicipital muscles in the body and without the complete terminology you may have someone thinking of the different biceps (femoral) from the biceps (brachii) that you are talking about.
When we discuss by fiber arrangement you will see muscle names such as: rectus (parallel angle to long axis of body), transverse (perpendicular angle to long axis of body), or oblique (oblique angle to long axis of body). With discussion by location, you will see muscle names such as: superficial (closer to surface), profundus (deeper or underlying musculature), side of the bone (anterior or posterior) and the associated bone that underlies the muscle. We can also use the muscles comparative size within a group of muscles there is an indication for comparing three muscles maximus, minimus and medius (largest, smallest, middle of the three being compared) versus groups of two muscles major and minor (largest and smallest of the three being compared) or by the length brevis and longus (shortest and longest of the two being compared). There will also be names based on the number of origins (heads) of the muscles such as triceps (three muscle origins/heads), biceps (two muscle origins/heads), and quadriceps (four muscle origins/heads). Then we can discuss the muscle name by the shape of the muscle such as deltoid (triangular, or like Greek letter Δ), trapezius (trapezoidal), rhomboideus (rhomboid), teres (tear-drop), serratus (saw-tooth), or quadratus (quadrilateral). There is also the naming method that provides the muscles origin and the muscles insertion into a single name such as the sternocleidomastoid. Lastly, we can use the action of the muscle to names of muscles such as tensors (tenses the connective tissues), flexors (flexes the joint or articulation), extensors (extends the joint or articulation), supinator (supinates the distal end of the extremities), and pronators (pronates the distal end of the extremities).

Procedures:

1. Review the naming principles by calling out a muscle based on one of the naming rules and pointing to that muscle
2. Check your group members for completeness of the coloring of muscles necessary for completing the identifications.

ANTERIOR - POSTERIOR

1a=Temporalis 1b=Epicranial Aponeurosa 1c=Frontalis 2=Orbicularis Oris

3=Orbicularis Oculi 4=Masseter 5=Trapezius 6=Sternocleidomastoid

7=Deltoid 8=Pectoralis Major 9=Serratus Anterior 10=Biceps Brachii

11=Brachioradialis 11a=Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus and Brevis 11b=Common Extensors

12=Common Flexors 13=Extensor Carpi Radialis 14=Triceps Brachii 14a=Triceps Tendon

15=Brachialis 16a=External Abdominal Oblique 16b=Internal Abdominal Oblique 17=Rectus Abdominis

18a=Internal Intercostal 18b=External Intercostal 19=Teres Minor 20=Teres Major

21=Latissimus Dorsi 22=Thoracolumbar Fascia 23=Gluteus Maximus 24a=Tensor Fascia Latte

24b=Iliotibial Band 24c=Gluteus Medius 25=Sartorius 26=Vastus Lateralis

27=Vastus Medialis 28=Rectus Femoris 29=Adductor Magnus 30=Adductor Longus

31=Biceps Femoris 32=Semitendinosus 33=Semimembranosus

34a=Medial Head Gastrocnemius 34b=Lateral Head Gastrocnemius 35=Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon

36=Soleus (Deep to Tendon on posterior) 37=Tibialis Anterior 38=Peroneal Muscles

Color each muscle a different color for use as a reference when identifying muscles.

Muscles of the axilla and pectoral girdle are broken into key groups: pectoral muscles, deltoid muscles and the rotator cuff. Each muscle is involved with stabilization of the Scapula and movement of the Humerus during locomotion of the upper extremity of the body and movement of the thoracic cage during ventilation.

Pectoral Girdle Muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
Pectoralis Major	Clavicle; Body of sternum; Costal	Lateral lip of Intertubercular groove	Horizontal Adduct, Medially Rotate Humerus @ shoulder
Pectoralis Minor	Costal 2-5	Coracoid process	Protract Scapula Elevates Ribs 2-5 in breathing
Subclavius	Clavicle	Costal 1	Depress clavicle
Anterior Deltoid	Clavicle; Acromion of Scapula	Deltoid Tuberosity	Flex, Abduct Humerus @ shoulder
Middle Deltoid	Clavicle; Acromion & Spine of scapula	Deltoid Tuberosity	Abduct Humerus @ shoulder
Serratus Anterior	Costal 1-7	Anterior surface of Medial Border of Scapula	Stabilizes scapula during Upper Extremity movements
Intercostal	Internal: Upper Rib External: Lower Rib	Internal: Lower Rib External: Upper Rib	Internal: retracts ribs together External: protracts ribs away from each other

Rotator Cuff & Accessory Muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
Posterior Deltoid	Spine of Scapula	Deltoid Tuberosity	Extend, Abduct Humerus
Trapezius	Occipital; S.P. of T-vertebrae; Ligamentum Nuchae	Lateral 1/3 of clavicle, Acromion & spine of scapula	Elevation, Depression & Retract Scapula
Latissimus Dorsi	S.P. of T-vertebrae and L-Vertebrae; Iliac crest; lower 3 costal	Floor Intertubercular groove (Humerus)	Extend, Adduct, Medially Rotate Humerus @ shoulder
Supraspinatus¹	Supraspinous Fossa	Greater Tubercle	Elevate, Abduct, Medially Rotate Humerus @ shoulder
Infraspinatus¹	Infraspinous Fossa	Greater Tubercle	Medially Rotate Humerus @ shoulder
Subscapularis¹	Subscapular Fossa	Lesser Tubercle	Laterally Rotate Humerus @ shoulder
Teres Minor¹	Inferior lateral margin of Scapula	Greater Tubercle	Medially Rotate, Adduct Humerus @ shoulder
Teres Major	Dorsal surface of Inferior Angle of Scapula	Medial lip of Intertubercular groove	Adduct Humerus @ shoulder

¹Indicates the Rotor Cuff Muscles

Thorax

The muscles of the thorax are going to be involved with postural support and trunk movements that allow for an erect posture to be maintained. Along with being involved in the movement of the limbs that allow for locomotion to occur. These muscles are generally discussed in groups based on anatomical location (anterior and posterior) and then layering (superficial, intermediate, or deep). The superficial posterior muscles are involved with the movement of the limbs and scapula. The intermediate posterior muscles are involved with scapular movement and postural support. The deep posterior muscles are involved with the support and movement of the vertebral column and individual vertebrae via the transverse group muscles. The anterior group is typically identified as being the abdominal group that is involved with postural support and movement of the pelvis and trunk around each other.

Superficial & Intermediate Posterior Muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
Trapezius	Occipital; S.P. of T-vertebrae; Ligamentum Nuchae	Lateral 1/3 of clavicle, Acromion & spine of scapula	Elevate, Depress & Retract Scapula
Levator Scapulae	T.P. of C-vertebrae 1-4	Superior Angle of Scapula	Elevate & inferiorly rotate Scapula
Latissimus Dorsi	S.P. of T-vertebrae and L-Vertebrae; Iliac crest; lower 3 costal	Floor Intertubercular groove (Humerus)	Extend, Adduct, Medially Rotate Humerus Assist with Extending trunk
Rhomboideus Major	S.P. of T-vertebrae 2-5	Medial Border of Scapula (inferior to Minor)	Elevate, Retract & inferiorly rotate scapula
Rhomboideus Minor	Ligamentum Nuchae; S.P. of C-vertebrae 7 & T-Vertebrae 1	Medial Border of Scapula & base of Spine	Elevate, Retract & inferiorly rotate scapula
Serratus Posterior Superior	Ligamentum Nuchae; S.P. of C-vertebrae 4-7 & T-vertebrae 1-4	Costal 2-5	Assist w/ respiration
Serratus Posterior Inferior	S.P. of T-vertebrae 5-12 & L-vertebrae1-2	Costal 9-12	Assist w/ respiration

Deep Posterior Muscles:

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
Iliocostalis Lumborum	Iliac Crest; Sacrum	Costal 6-12	Bilaterally: Extend Vertebral Column Unilaterally: Ipsilateral Lateral flex
Iliocostalis Thoracis	Costal 6-12 (Medial to Lumborum)	Costal 1-6	Bilaterally: Extend Vertebral Column Unilaterally: Ipsilateral Lateral flex
Iliocostalis Cervicis	Costal 1-6 (Medial to Thoracis)	T.P. of C-vertebrae 4-6	Bilaterally: Extend Vertebral Column Unilaterally: Ipsilateral Lateral flex
Longissimus Thoracis	S.P. of L-vertebrae 4-5; Sacrum	Costal 4-12 & associated T.P. of vertebrae	Bilaterally: Extend Vertebral Column Unilaterally: Ipsilateral Lateral flex
Longissimus Cervicis	T.P. of T-vertebrae 1-6	T.P. of C-vertebrae 2-6	Bilaterally: Extend Vertebral Column Unilaterally: Ipsilateral Lateral flex
Longissimus Capitis	C-vertebrae 3-7	Mastoid Process	Bilaterally: Extend Vertebral Column Unilaterally: Ipsilateral Lateral flex
Splenius Capitis	Ligamentum Nuchae; S.P. of C-vertebrae 7 & T-vertebrae 1-3	Occipital & Mastoid Processes	Bilaterally: Extend Head & Neck Unilaterally: Ipsilateral Lateral flex and rotate
Splenius Cervicis	S.P. of T-vertebrae 3-6	T.P. of C-Vertebrae 1-4	Bilaterally: Extend Head & Neck Unilaterally: Ipsilateral Lateral flex and rotate
Spinal Thoracis	S.P. of T-vertebrae 11 to L-Vertebrae 2	S.P. of T-vertebrae 1-8	Bilaterally: Extend Vertebral Column Unilaterally: Ipsilateral Lateral flex
Transverse Group
Semispinalis: Spans 4-to-5 vertebral spaces; Allow for vertebral extension and contralateral rotation of vertebrae
Multifidus: Spans 3-to-4 vertebral spaces; Allow for vertebral extension contralateral vertebral rotation & lateral flexion of vertebrae
Rotatores: Spans 1-to-2 spaces; Allow for contralateral vertebral rotation

Abdominal Muscles:

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
Rectus Abdominis	Symphysis Pubis; Pubic Crest	Xiphoid process; Costal Cartilage (5-7)	Flex trunk Compress Abdominal Cavity
Transverse Abdominis	Costal Arch; Thoracolumbar Fascia; Iliac Crest; Inguinal ligament	Xiphoid process; Linea Alba; Pubic Crest; Pectineal Line	Flex trunk Compress Abdominal Cavity
External Abdominal Oblique	Costal 5-12; connects w/ Serratus Anterior & Latissimus Dorsi	Iliac Crest; Pubic Crest; Pubic Symphysis; Linea Alba	Bilaterally: Flex trunk Compress Abdominal Cavity Unilaterally: Ipsilateral Trunk rotation and lateral flex
Internal Abdominal Oblique	Thoracolumbar Fascia; Iliac Crest; Inguinal ligament	Costal 7-12; Costal arch; Xiphoid process; Linea Alba; Pubic Crest; Pectineal Line	Bilaterally: Flex trunk Compress Abdominal Cavity Unilaterally: Contralateral Trunk rotation and lateral flex
Diaphragm	Lower 3 costal bones; Xiphoid process	Transverse Abdominis; Rectus Abdominus; Linea Alba	Inspiration and Forced Exhalation during breathing
Quadratus Lumborum	Iliac Crest; Iliolumbar Ligament; T.P. of lower L-vertebrae	Costal 12; T.P. of upper L-vertebrae	Bilaterally: Assist Forced Exhalation, Extend Trunk Unilaterally: Ipsilateral trunk rotation & lateral flexion

Muscles of the Thorax

1=Rectus Abdominis

2=Abdominal Sheath

3=Linea Alba

4=External Abdominal Oblique

5=Internal Abdominal Oblique

6=Transvers Abdominus

7=Splenius Capitis

8=Splenius Cervicis

9=Iliocostalis Cervicis

10=Iliocostalis Thoracis

11=Iliocostalis Lumborum

12=Splenius Thoracis

13=Longissimus Thoracis

14=Longissimus Cervicis

15=Longissimus Capitis

16= Quadratus Lumborum

17=Serratus Anterior

18- Pectoralis Major

Color each muscle a different color for use as a reference when identifying muscles.

Procedures:

1.      Obtain models, stickers, felt pens
2.      Write the names of the trunk muscles that you are responsible for knowing on to the stickers
Rectus Abdominus, External Abdominal Oblique, Longissimus, Latissimus Dorsi, Pectoralis Major, Trapezius, Rhomboideus Major, Rhomboideus Minor, Deltoid
3.      Select a “team leader” and a group member to be the “mannequin” for your group.

a. Using the colored images as reference have members of the group take turns labeling the muscles on your group member
b. As the muscle is labeled, ask the “mannequin” to demonstrate the movement that the muscle will produce.

4. Write the names of the key trunk muscles on the stickers

a. Pectoralis Minor, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Internal Abdominal Oblique, Serratus Anterior, Intercostals

5. Change “team leader” and using the images as reference, label the muscles on the torso models that your group has.
6. Have your instructor check your work and then move to the next activity.

Activity 3: Muscles that move the Upper Extremity:

Muscles of the brachium are broken into key groups the anterior group that is responsible for flexion of the brachium and antebrachium, and the posterior group that is responsible for extension of the brachium and antebrachium.

Anterior Brachium Muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
Coracobrachialis	Coracoid Process	Anterior mid-shaft of the Humerus	Flex Humerus @ shoulder
Bicep Brachii	Long Head: Superior Glenoid Fossa Short Head: Coracoid Process	Radius and Ulna via Bicipital Aponeurosis; Radial Tuberosity	Flex, Supinates Forearm @ elbow Flex Humerus @ shoulder
Brachialis	Mid-shaft of Humerus	Coronoid Process and Ulnar Tuberosity of the Ulna	Flex Forearm @ elbow

Posterior Brachium Muscles

Muscle

Origin

Insertion

Action

Triceps Brachii

Long Head: Inferior Glenoid Fossa

Medial Head: Medial Upper 1/3-Shaft of Humerus

Lateral Head:

Lateral to Radial Groove of Humerus

Olecranon Process of Ulna

All Heads: Extend Forearm @ elbow

Long Head: Extend Humerus @ Shoulder

Anconeus

Lateral Epicondyle of Humerus

Lateral surface of Olecranon Process of Ulna

Extend forearm @ elbow

Muscles of the antebrachium are comprised of two compartments that are either anterior (or common flexors) or posterior (or common extensors). Each compartment will be responsible for movement within the antebrachium and movement of the carpals and digits of the hand in antagonistic patterns that are necessary for dexterous movements.

Antebrachium Anterior/Medial (comes from Medical Epicondyle/Medial Condyle, a.k.a. Common Flexor Tendon) Muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
Pronator Teres	Common Flexor Tendon (CFT)	Lateral Mid-shaft of Radius	Pronates Forearm
Flexor Carpi Radialis	(CFT)	Base of 2^nd Metacarpal	Flex & Radial Deviate Wrist & Hand
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris	CFT; Medial Olecranon process	Pisiform; hook of Hamate; Base of 5^th Metacarpal	Flex & Ulnar Deviate Wrist & Hand
Palmaris Longis	CFT	Palmar Aponeurosis	Tense Palmar Aponeurosis
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis	CFT; Coronoid Process; Proximal Radius	Margins of Middle Phalanx of medial 4 digits	Flex middle Phalange of Digits 2-5@ IP joints Assist w/ Flex wrist & hand
Flexor Digitorum Profundis	Anterior medial surface of Ulna	Distal phalanx of medial 4 digits	Flex distal Phalange of Digits 2-5 @ IP joints Assist w/ Flex wrist & hand
Flexor Pollicis Longus	Anterior surface of Radius & Interosseous membrane	Distal phalanx of thumb	Flex distal Phalange of Digit 1 @ IP joints Assist w/ Flex wrist & hand
Pronator Quadratus	Anterior Distal end of Ulna	Anterior Distal end of Radius	Pronates Forearm

Antebrachium Posterior/Lateral (comes from Lateral Epicondyle/Condyle, a.k.a. Common Extensor Tendon) Muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
Brachioradialis	Lateral Supracondylar Ridge (Humerus)	Lateral Distal surface of Radius	Flex forearm @ elbow
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus	Lateral Supracondylar ridge (Humerus)	Base of 2^nd Metacarpal	Flex forearm @ elbow Extend & Radial deviate wrist & hand
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis	Common Extensor Tendon (CET)	Base of 3^rd Metacarpal	Extend & Radial deviate wrist & hand
Extensor Digitorum	CET	Extensor Expansion	Extend distal Phalange of digits 2-5 @ IP joints
Extensor Digit Minimi	CET	Extensor Expansion of Digit 5	Extend distal phalange of digit 5 @ IP joints
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris	CET	Base of 5^th Metacarpal	Extend and Ulnar deviate wrist & hand
Supinator	Lateral Epicondyle & Supinator Crest of Ulna	Posterior & Lateral proximal 1/3 of Radius	Supinate Forearm
Abductor Pollicis Longus	Posterior surface of middle Ulna/Radius/ Interosseous Membrane	Base of 1^st Metacarpal	Abduct digit 1 @ MCP Radial deviate wrist & hand
Extensor Pollicis Brevis	Middle 1/3 of Posterior Radius/ Interosseous Membrane	Base of Proximal Phalanx of Thumb	Extend proximal Phalange of digit 1
Extensor Pollicis Longus	Posterior Surface of Middle 1/3 of Ulna/ Interosseous Membrane	Base of Distal Phalanx of Thumb	Extend distal Phalange of digit 1 Assist w/ Extend wrist & hand
Extensor Indices	Posterior Surface of Ulna/ Interosseous Membrane	Extensor Digitorum tendon to Index finger	Extend distal Phalange of digit 2 Assist w/ Extend wrist & hand

Muscles of Pectoral Girdle and Upper Extremity

1=Trapezius

1a=Ligamentum Nuchae

2=Pectoralis Major

3=Deltoid

4=Serratus Anterior

5=Latissimus Dorsi

6a=Infraspinatus

6b=Teres Minor

6c=Teres Major

7=Biceps Brachii

8=Brachialis

9=Triceps Brachii

10=Brachioradialis

11=Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus

12=Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

13=Extensor Digitorum

14=Extensor Digiti Minimi

15=Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

16=Flexor Digitorum Superficialis

17=Flexor Carpi Radialis

Color each a different color to use as reference for identifying muscles in lab

Procedures:

1.      Obtain models, stickers, felt pens
2.      Write the names of the upper extremity muscles that you are responsible for knowing on to the stickers
Biceps Brachii, Triceps Brachii, Brachioradialis, Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus, Extensor Carpi Ulnaris, Extensor Digitorum, Flexor Carpi Radialis, Flexor Carpi Ulnaris, Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
3.      Select a “team leader” and a group member to be the “mannequin” for your group.

4. Have your instructor check your work and then move to the next activity.

Activity 4: Muscles that move the Lower Extremity:

Hip & Thigh:

The muscles of the hip and pelvis are involved with maintaining trunk postural support (erect posture) and movement of the lower extremity necessary for locomotion. The muscles are identified by the anatomical location (anterior/medial and posterior/lateral) and then by the actions (hip flexors, hip extensors, hip abductors, hip adductors, and rotators) that are necessary for moving the body through space.

Anterior/Medial Hip Muscles:

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
Rectus Femoris	Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS)	Tibial Tuberosity (via Patella Ligament)	Flex thigh @ Hip Extend leg @ knee
Sartorius	Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)	Medial Plateau of Tibia	Flex, Abduct, Externally rotate thigh @ hip Flex leg @ knee
Pectineus	Pectineal line of Superior Ramus of Pubis	Pectineal line of Femur	Adduct thigh @ Hip
Iliopsoas	Iliacus: Bowl of Pelvis Psoas: Body of 5 Lumbar Vertebrae	Lesser Trochanter of Femur	Standing: Flex trunk, Posterior tilt pelvis Sitting: Flex thigh @ hip
Gracilis	Inferior Ramus of Pubis	Medial surface of Tibia (infracondylar)	Adduct and Internally rotate thigh @ Hip Flex leg @ knee
Adductor Longus	Body of Pubis	Linea Aspera of Femur	Adduct thigh @ Hip
Adductor Brevis	Inferior Ramus of the Pubis	Femur	Adduct thigh @ Hip
Adductor Magnus	Ischiopubic Ramus; Ischial Tuberosity	Linea Aspera; Adductor Tubercle	Adduct, Flex and Extend thigh @ hip

Posterior/Lateral Hip Muscles:

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
Gluteus Maximus	Ilium (inferior gluteal line); Sacrum; Sacrotuberous Ligament	Gluteal tuberosity; Iliotibial Band (ITB)	Extend, Externally rotates thigh @ Hip
Piriformis	Pelvic surface of Sacrum	Greater Trochanter	Abducts, Externally rotates thigh @ hip
Gluteus Medius	Ilium (superior gluteal line)	Greater Trochanter	Abducts, Internally rotates thigh @ hip Controls Lateral tilt of pelvis in gait
Obturator Internus	Obturator Membrane	Greater Trochanter	Externally rotates, Abducts thigh @ Hip
Obturator Externus	Obturator Membrane	Trochanteric Fossa	Externally rotates, Abducts thigh @ Hip
Superior Gemellus	Ischial Spine	Greater Trochanter	Externally rotates, Abducts thigh @ Hip
Inferior Gemellus	Ischial Tuberosity	Greater Trochanter	Externally rotates, Abducts thigh @ Hip
Quadratus Femoris	Ischial Tuberosity	Intertrochanteric Crest	Externally rotates thigh @ Hip Stabilize hip during LE movements
Gluteus Minimus	Ilium (between gluteal lines)	Greater Trochanter	Abducts, Internally rotates thigh @ Hip
Tensor Fascia Lata (TFL)	Iliac Crest	Iliotibial Band (ITB), Lateral Epicondyle of Femur & Head of Fibula	Abducts thigh @ hip Controls Lateral tilt of pelvis in gait
Biceps Femoris	Long Head: Ischial Tuberosity Short Head: Linea Aspera	Fibular Head; Lateral Plateau of Tibia	Both: flex leg @ Knee Long Head: extend thigh @ Hip
Semimembranosus	Ischial Tuberosity	Medial Condyle of Tibia	Extend thigh @ Hip Flex leg @ Knee
Semitendinosus	Ischial Tuberosity	Medial Condyle of Tibia	Extend thigh @ Hip Flex leg @ Knee

Thigh

The muscles of the thigh are involved with propulsion of the body during gait and the postural support, at the tibiofemoral joint, necessary for standing. The muscles are grouped by location as being either anterior or posterior thigh muscles. The anterior group is typically identified as being comprised of the quadriceps (vastus muscles and rectus femoris) and adductors. The poster group is typically referred to as the hamstrings but will also include the adductor magnus and gastrocnemius muscles in some of its actions. Actions of flexion and extension of the lower extremity occur through a coordinated action of the anterior thigh and posterior leg muscles for extension, and posterior muscles of the thigh and anterior muscles of the leg for flexion, of the lower extremity.

Anterior Thigh:

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
Vastus Medialis¹	Medial surface of Femur	Tibial Tuberosity (via Patella Ligament)	Extend leg @ knee
Vastus Lateralis¹	Lateral surface of Femur	Tibial Tuberosity (via Patella Ligament)	Extend leg @ knee
Vastus Intermedius¹	Anterior surface of Femur	Tibial Tuberosity (via Patella Ligament)	Extend leg @ knee
Rectus Femoris¹	AIIS	Tibial Tuberosity (via Patella Ligament)	Flex thigh @ hip Extend leg @ knee
Gracilis	ASIS	Medial Plateau of Tibia; Medial Condyle of Femur	Adduct and Internally rotate thigh @ Hip Flex leg @ knee
Sartorius	ASIS	Medial Plateau of Tibia; Medial Condyle of Femur	Flex, Abduct, Externally rotate thigh @ hip Flex leg @ knee

Posterior Thigh Muscles:

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
Bicep Femoris²	Long Head: Ischial Tuberosity Short Head: Linea Aspera	Fibular Head; Lateral Plateau of Tibia	Both: flex leg @ Knee Long Head: extend thigh @ Hip
Semimembranosus²	Ischial Tuberosity	Medial Condyle of Tibia	Extend thigh @ Hip Flex leg @ Knee
Semitendinosus²	Ischial Tuberosity	Medial Condyle of Tibia	Extend thigh @ Hip Flex leg @ Knee
Gastrocnemius	Medial and Lateral Condyle of Femur	Calcaneus (via Calcaneal Tendon)	Assist Flex of leg @ Knee Plantarflex foot @ Ankle
Adductor Magnus	Ramus of the Pubis	Linea Aspera; Medial Plateau of Tibia	Adduct, Flex, Extend thigh @ Hip
Popliteus	Tibial Plateau	Lateral Condyle of Femur	Internally rotate femur @ Knee Assist Flex of leg @ Knee

¹ Indicates Quadriceps group; ² Indicates Hamstring group

Muscles of the Hip and Lower Extremity

1=Iliopsoas

2=Gluteus Maximus

3=Gluteus Medius

3a=Iliotibial Band

4=Tensor Fascia Lata

5=Pectineus

6=Adductor Longus

7=Gracilis

8=Sartorius

9=Adductor Magnus

10=Rectus Femoris

11=Vastus Medialis

12=Vastus Lateralis

13=Semimembranosus

14=Biceps Femoris

15=Semitendinosus

16=Gastrocnemius

17= Soleus

18=Calcaneal (Achilles') Tendon

19=Extensor Digitorum Longus

20=Tibialis Anterior

21=Peroneus (Fibularis) Longus

Color each with a different color for use as reference for identify muscles.

Leg:

The muscles of the leg are involved with movement of the tibia and fibula about the femur during postural support and locomotion. The actions are highly involved with propulsion of limb during gait and controlling limb during loading of limb upon landing. Muscles are broken into two groups the anterior group (the dorsiflexors), lateral (peroneal), and posterior (the plantarflexors). The dorsiflexors are involved with clearing the toes and stabilizing the foot during gait. The plantarflexors and are involved with propelling the limb forward in gait and assisting with the production of force necessary to stand and jump.

Anterior Muscles of the Leg:

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
Tibialis Anterior	Superior 2/3 lateral surface of Tibia	Medial Cuneiform; Base 1^st Metatarsal	Dorsiflex and Invert foot @ Ankle & IT joints
Extensor Digitorum Longus	Superior 2/3 of Fibula	Middle and Distal Phalanx of lateral 4 digits	Extend distal Phalange of digits 2-5 @ IP joints Assist w/ Dorsiflex foot @ ankle
Extensor Hallucis Longus	Middle 1/3 of Fibula	Base of distal Phalanx of Hallux	Extend distal Phalange of digit 1 @ IP joint Assist w/ Dorsiflex foot @ ankle
Peroneus Tertius	Distal end of Fibula	Base of 5^th Metatarsal	Dorsiflex and Evert foot @ Ankle & IT joints
Extensor Hallucis & Digitorum Brevis	Sinus Tarsi (Calcaneus Bone)	Base of proximal Phalanx of Hallux & Long extensor tendons	Extend middle Phalange of Digits 1-5 @ IP joint

Lateral Muscles of the Leg:

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
Peroneus Longus	Superior 2/3 of Fibula	Base of 1^st Metatarsal; Medial Cuneiform	Plantarflex and Evert foot @ Ankle & IT joints
Peroneus Brevis	Distal end of Fibula	Base of 5^th Metatarsal	Plantarflex and Evert foot @ Ankle& IT joints
Peroneus Tertius	Distal end of Fibula	Base of 5^th Metatarsal	Dorsiflex and Evert foot @ Ankle & IT joints

Posterior Muscles of the Leg:

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
Gastrocnemius	Medial & Lateral Condyle of Femur	Calcaneus (via Calcaneal Tendon)	Assist Flex of leg @ Knee Plantarflex foot @ Ankle
Soleus	Posterior Surface of Tibia & Fibula	Calcaneus (via Calcaneal Tendon)	Plantarflex foot @ Ankle Control Dorsiflex foot @ Ankle during gait
Plantaris	Lateral Condyle of Femur	Calcaneus (via Calcaneal Tendon)	Plantarflex foot @ Ankle
Flexor Digitorum Longus	Tibia	Distal Phalanx of lateral 4 digits	Flex distal Phalange @ IP Assist w/ Plantarflex foot @ Ankle
Flexor Hallucis Longus	Fibula	Distal Phalanx of Hallux	Flex distal Phalange of digit 1 @ IP
Tibialis Posterior	Tibia; Fibula; Interosseous Membrane	Navicular; Medial Cuneiform	Plantarflex and Invert foot @ Ankle
Popliteus	Lateral Condyle of Femur	Tibial Plateau	Internally rotate femur @ Knee Assist Flex of leg @ Knee

Procedures:

1.      Obtain models, stickers, felt pens
2.      Write the names of the lower-extremity muscles that you are responsible for knowing on to the stickers
Rectus Femoris, Vastus Lateralis, Vastus Medius, Tensor Fascia Lata, Biceps Femoris, Semitendinosus, Semimembranosus, Gastrocnemius
3.      Select a “team leader” and a group member to be the “mannequin” for your group.

4. Write the names of the key hip muscles on the stickers
Gluteus Maximus, Gluteus Medius, Gluteus Minimus, Piriformis
5. Change “team leader”.

a. Using the colored images as reference have members of the group take turns labeling the muscles on your torso model
b. As the muscle is labeled, demonstrate the movement that the muscle will produce.

6. Have your instructor check your work and then move to the next activity.

Activity 5: Muscles of the Face, Head and Neck:

Face and Neck:

The muscles of the face have a variety of roles for the human body. They are involved with the conveying of psychosocial cues (facial expressions) along with respiration, mastication and feeding behaviors. The extrinsic eye muscles are involved with movements of the eye to keep pupils centered on the visual field during tracking of object without head motions or movement of the remainder of the body. The muscles of the neck are layered in a superficial to deep fashion and are involved with movement of the head and cervical regions along with movement of the hyoid involved with vocalization.

Facial Muscles

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
Epicranius	Frontal Bone (Frontal Belly) Superior Nuchal Line (Occipital Belly)	Epicranial Neurosa	Raise Eyebrows, Wrinkle forehead Hold Scalp posteriorly
Nasalis	Maxilla and alar cartilage of nose	Dorsum of nose	Flare nostrils
Buccinator	Alveolar Processes of Mandible & Maxilla	Orbicularis Oris	Press cheek against teeth, draws lips laterally Assist with chewing
Depressor Anguli Oris	Body of Mandible	Skin @ inferior corner of mouth	Opens mouth (pulls lips inferiorly/laterally)
Depressor Labii Inferioris	Body of Mandible, lateral to midline	Skin @ inferior lip	Depresses lower lip
Levator Anguli Oris	Lateral Maxilla	Skin @ superior corner of mouth	Elevates angle of mouth laterally/superiorly
Levator Labii Superioris	Zygomatic bone & Maxilla	Skin & muscles of superior lip	Elevates upper lips
Mentalis	Central Mandible	Skin of chin	Elevate & protrude lower lip
Orbicularis Oris	Maxilla & Mandible CT of other facial muscles	Encircles mouth skin & muscles @ angles of mouth	Closes & Protrude Lips Compress Lips to Teeth, forms mouth for speech
Risorius	Deep Fascia of Masseter	Skin @ angle of mouth	Pulls lips laterally
Zygomaticus Major	Zygomatic Bone	Skin @ superolateral edge of mouth	Moves lips for smiling
Zygomaticus Minor	Zygomatic Bone	Skin of superior lip	Raise lips to expose Maxillar Teeth
Corrugator Supercilli	Medial end of Superciliary Arch	Skin superior to Supraorbital Margin & Superciliary Arch	Draw eyebrow inferiorly Wrinkle forehead
Levator Palpebrae Superioris	Lesser Wing of Sphenoid	Superior Tarsal Plate & skin of superior eyelid	Opens eyes
Orbicularis Oculi	Medial Wall &/or Margin of Orbit	Skin surrounding eyelids	Closes eyes
Platysma	Fascia of Deltoid & Pectoralis Major & Acromion Process of Scapula	Skin of Cheek & Mandible	Depresses lower lip and mandible Tenses cervical fascia
Temporalis	Superior & Inferior Temporal Lines	Coronoid Process of Mandible	Elevates & retracts Mandible for mastication (chewing)
Masseter	Zygomatic Arch	Coronoid Process, Lateral Surface & Angle of Mandible	Elevates mandible Mastication (chewing)
Medial Pterygoid	Maxilla, Palatine & medial surface of lateral Pterygoid Plate	Medial surface of Ramus of Mandible	Elevates & Protracts Mandible Lateral Glide of Mandible
Lateral Pterygoid	Greater Wing of Sphenoid, lateral surface of lateral Pterygoid Plate	Condylar Process of Mandible	Protracts & Depress Mandible (open mouth)

Extrinsic Muscles of the Eye

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
Medial Rectus	Common Tendinous Rind (CTR)	Anteromedial Surface of Eye	Adducts eye
Lateral Rectus	Common Tendinous Rind (CTR)	Anterolateral Surface of Eye	Abducts eye
Inferior Rectus	Common Tendinous Rind (CTR)	Anteroinferior Surface of Eye	Adducts eye, Medially rotate eye, moves eye inferiorly
Superior Rectus	Common Tendinous Rind (CTR)	Anterosuperior Surface of Eye	Adducts eye, Medially rotate eye, moves eye superiorly
Inferior Oblique	Anterior Orbital surface of Maxilla	Posteroinferior lateral Surface of Eye	Abducts eye, moves eye superiorly, Laterally rotates
Superior Oblique	Sphenoid Bone	Posterosuperior lateral Surface of Eye	Abducts eye, moves eye inferiorly, Medially rotates

Muscles of the Neck

Muscle	Origin	Insertion	Action
Scalene	T.P. of C-vert	Superior Surface of 1^st & 2^nd costal	Bilaterally: elevate ribs 1-2, assist with respiration Unilaterally: Ipsilateral lateral flexion & rotate head & neck
Longissimus Capitis	C-vertebrae 3-7	Mastoid Process	Bilaterally: extend head & neck Unilaterally: Ipsilateral lateral flex & rotate head & neck
Splenius Capitis	Ligamentum Nuchae; S.P. of C-vert 7 & T-vert 1-3	Occipital & Mastoid Processes	Bilaterally: extend head & neck Unilaterally: Contralateral rotation of head & neck
Splenius Cervicis	S.P. of T-vert 3-6	T.P. of C-Vert 1-4	Bilaterally: extend head & neck Unilaterally: Ipsilateral lateral flex and rotate head & neck
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM)	Manubrium and sternal end of clavicle	Mastoid Process	Bilaterally: flex head & neck, asst. with respiration Unilaterally: Contralateral flexion and rotation of head & neck

Muscles of the Face and Neck

1=Frontalis 2=Temporalis 3=Nasalis 4=Orbicularis Oris

5=Zygomaticus 6=Mentalis 6a=Depressor Labii Inferioris 7= Orbicularis Oculi

8=Levator Labii Superioris 9=Masseter 10= Triagnularis 11=Sternocleidomastoid

12=Trapezius 13=Buccinator 14=Digastricus 15=Epicranial Aponeurosa

16=Hyoid Muscles 17=Cervical Extensors

Color each a different color for use as a reference for identification of muscles.

Procedures:

1. Obtain models, stickers, felt pens
2. Write the names of the facial and neck muscles that you are responsible for knowing on to the stickers

a. Orbicularis Oris, Temporalis, Masseter, Sternocleidomastoid, Scalene, Trapezius [upper fibers]

3. Select a “team leader” and a group member to be the “mannequin” for your group.

4. Have your instructor check your work and then clean-up your lab area.