16.6: Sources and Attributions
- Page ID
- 83713
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)
\( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)
\( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Full Chapter Sources
Cougar. Hinterland Who's Who. Canadian Wildlife Service and Canadian Wildlife Federation. Archived from the original on 18 May 2007. Retrieved 22 May 2007.
Featured creatures. Encarsia perplexa. University of Florida. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
Helminth Parasites. Australian Society of Parasitology. Retrieved 9 October 2017.
Parasitism | The encyclopedia of ecology and environmental management. Blackwell Science. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
Pathogenic parasitic infections. PEOI. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
Pikes (Esocidae). Indiana Division of Fish and Wildlife. Retrieved 3 September 2018.
Predator & prey: Adaptations. (2012). Royal Saskatchewan Museum. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 April 2018. Retrieved 19 April 2018.
Predators and their prey. BBC. Retrieved 7 October 2015.
Social parasites in the ant colony. Antkeepers. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
Trapdoor spider. (2014). Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
Trapdoor spiders. BBC. Retrieved 12 December 2014.
Abraham, M.A.A. (2006). Sustainability science and engineering. Elsevier, 1, pp. 123. ISBN 978-0444517128
Abrams, P.A. (1986). Adaptive responses of predators to prey and prey to predators: The failure of the arms-race analogy. Evolution, 40(6), pp. 1229–1247. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1986.tb05747.x. PMID 28563514. S2CID 27317468.
Arcese, P., Schuster, R., Campbell, L., Barber, A., & Martin, T.G. (2014). Deer density and plant palatability predict shrub cover, richness, diversity and aboriginal food value in a North American archipelago. Diversity and Distributions, 20(12), pp. 1368–1378. doi:10.1111/ddi.12241. ISSN 1366-9516.
Bailey, N.T.J. (1975). The mathematical theory of infectious diseases and its applications (2nd ed.). London: Griffin. ISBN 0-85264-231-8.
Barbosa, P., & Castellanos, I. (2005). Ecology of predator-prey interactions. Oxford University Press, p. 78. ISBN 9780199874545.
Barceloux, D.G. (2008). Medical toxicology of natural substances: Foods, fungi, medicinal herbs, plants, and venomous animals. Wiley, p. 1028. ISBN 978-0-470-33557-4.
Bar-Yam. Predator-prey relationships. New England Complex Systems Institute. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
Belovsky, G.E. (1997). Optimal foraging and community structure: The allometry of herbivore food selection and competition. Evolutionary Ecology, 11(6), pp. 641–672. doi:10.1023/A:1018430201230. S2CID 23873922.
Bengtson, S. (2002). Origins and early evolution of predation. In Kowalewski, M., & Kelley, P.H. (Eds.), The fossil record of predation. The Paleontological Society, pp. 289–317.
Berec, L., Schembri, P.J., & Boukal, D.S. (2005). Sex determination in Bonellia viridis (Echiura: Bonelliidae): Population dynamics and evolution. Oikos, 108(3), pp. 473–484. doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2005.13350.x.
Berenbaum, M.R. (1995). The chemistry of defense: Theory and practice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 92(1), pp. 2–8. Bibcode:1995PNAS...92....2B. doi:10.1073/pnas.92.1.2. PMC 42807. PMID 7816816.
Bergstrom, C.T., & Lachmann, M. (2001). Alarm calls as costly signals of antipredator vigilance: The watchful babbler game. Animal Behaviour, 61(3), 535–543. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.28.773. doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1636. S2CID 2295026.
Berryman, A.A., & Hawkins, Bradford A. (2006). The refuge as an integrating concept in ecology and evolution. Oikos, 115(1), 192–196. doi:10.1111/j.0030-1299.2006.15188.x.
Bester, C. (2017). Antennarius striatus. University of Florida. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
Bond, W.J. (2012). Keystone species. In Schulze, E.D., & Mooney, H.A. (Eds.), Biodiversity and Ecosystem Function. Springer. p. 237. ISBN 978-3642580017.
Boudreau, S.A., & Worm, B. (2012). Ecological role of large benthic decapods in marine ecosystems: A review. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 469, pp. 195−213
Bowers, M.D., Brown, I.L., & Wheye, D. (1985). Bird predation as a selective agent in a butterfly population. Evolution, 39(1), pp. 93–103. doi:10.1111/j.1558-5646.1985.tb04082.x. PMID 28563638. S2CID 12031679.
Bray, D. Eastern frogfish, Batrachomoeus dubius. Fishes of Australia. Archived from the original on 14 September 2014. Retrieved 14 September 2014.
Briggs, C.J., & Hoopes, M.F. (2004). Stabilizing effects in spatial parasitoid−host and predator−prey models: A review. Theor. Popul. Biol., 65, pp. 299−315
Brodie, E.D. (2009). Toxins and venoms. Current Biology, 19(20), R931–R935. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.08.011. PMID 19889364. S2CID 9744565.
Brodie, E.D. (1999). Predator-prey arms races. BioScience, 49(7), pp. 557–568. doi:10.2307/1313476. JSTOR 1313476.
Brousseau, D.J. (1978). Population dynamics of the soft-shell clam Mya arenaria. Mar. Biol. 50, pp. 63−71
Call, A., & St. Clair, S.B. (2018). In Ryan, M. (Eds.), Timing and mode of simulated ungulate herbivory alter aspen defense strategies. Tree Physiology, 38(10), pp. 1476–1485. doi:10.1093/treephys/tpy071. ISSN 1758-4469. PMID 29982736.
Castello, M.E., Rodriguez-Cattaneo, A., Aguilera, P.A., Iribarne, L., Pereira, A.C., & Caputi, A.A. (2009). Waveform generation in the weakly electric fish Gymnotus coropinae (Hoedeman): The electric organ and the electric organ discharge. Journal of Experimental Biology, 212(9), pp. 1351–1364. doi:10.1242/jeb.022566. PMID 19376956.
Catania, K.C. (2015). Electric eels use high-voltage to track fast-moving prey. Nature Communications, 6(1), pp. 8638. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8638C. doi:10.1038/ncomms9638. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 4667699. PMID 26485580.
Cetaruk, E.W. (2005). Rattlesnakes and other Crotalids. In Brent, J. (Eds.), Critical care toxicology: Diagnosis and management of the critically poisoned patient. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 1075. ISBN 978-0-8151-4387-1.
Cheng, T.C. (2012). General parasitology. Elsevier Science, pp. 13–15. ISBN 978-0-323-14010-2.
Collins, S.L. (1998). Modulation of diversity by grazing and mowing in native tallgrass prairie. Science, 280(5364), pp. 745–747. Bibcode:1998Sci...280..745C. doi:10.1126/science.280.5364.745. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 9563952.
Combes, S.A., Salcedo, M.K., Pandit, M.M., & Iwasaki, J.M. (2013). Capture success and efficiency of dragonflies pursuing different types of prey. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 53(5), pp. 787–798. doi:10.1093/icb/ict072. PMID 23784698.
Cory, R.L., & Redding, M.J. (1976). Mortalities caused by Tropical Storm Agnes to clams and oysters in the Rhode River area of Chesapeake Bay. In Anderson, A.M. (Eds.), The effects of Tropical Storm Agnes on the Chesapeake Bay estuarine system. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, p 478-487.
Cott. (1940). pp. 368–389
Cox, F.E. (2001). Concomitant infections, parasites and immune responses. Parasitology. 122. Supplement: S23–38. doi:10.1017/s003118200001698x. PMID 11442193. S2CID 150432.
Cressman, R., & Garay, J. (2009). A predator–prey refuge system: Evolutionary stability in ecological systems. Theoretical Population Biology, 76(4), pp. 248–57. doi:10.1016/j.tpb.2009.08.005. PMID 19751753.
Cushing, J.M. (2005). Book reviews | Mathematics in population biology, by Horst R. Thiene. Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, 42(4), pp. 501–505. doi:10.1090/S0273-0979-05-01055-4.
Dawkins, R., & Krebs, J.R. (1979). Arms races between and within species. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 205(1161), pp. 489–511. Bibcode:1979RSPSB.205..489D. doi:10.1098/rspb.1979.0081. PMID 42057. S2CID 9695900.
De Marsico, M.C., Gloag, R., Ursino, C.A., & Reboreda, J.C. (2013). A novel method of rejection of brood parasitic eggs reduces parasitism intensity in a cowbird host. Biology Letters, 9(3): 20130076. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2013.0076. PMC 3645041. PMID 23485877.
de Mazancourt, C., Loreau, M., & Dieckmann, U. (2001). Can the evolution of plant defense lead to plant‐herbivore mutualism? The American Naturalist, 158(2), pp. 109–123. doi:10.1086/321306. ISSN 0003-0147. PMID 18707340. S2CID 15722747.
Dearing, M.D., Mangione, A.M., & Karasov, W.H. (2000). Diet breadth of mammalian herbivores: Nutrient versus detoxification constraints. Oecologia, 123(3), pp. 397–405. Bibcode:2000Oecol.123..397D. doi:10.1007/s004420051027. PMID 28308595. S2CID 914899.
Descombes, P., Marchon, J., Pradervand, J.N., Bilat, J., Guisan, A., Rasmann, S., & Pellissier, L. (2016). Community-level plant palatability increases with elevation as insect herbivore abundance declines. Journal of Ecology, 105(1), pp. 142–151. doi:10.1111/1365-2745.12664. ISSN 0022-0477.
deVries, M.S., Murphy, E.A.K., & Patek S.N. (2012). Strike mechanics of an ambush predator: The spearing mantis shrimp. Journal of Experimental Biology, 215(Pt 24), pp. 4374–4384. doi:10.1242/jeb.075317. PMID 23175528.
Dissanaike, A.S. (1957). On Protozoa hyperparasitic in Helminth, with some observations on Nosema helminthorum Moniez, 1887. Journal of Helminthology, 31(1–2), pp. 47–64. doi:10.1017/s0022149x00033290. PMID 13429025.
Dominey, W.J. (1983). Mobbing in colonially nesting fishes, especially the bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus. Copeia, (4), pp. 1086–1088. doi:10.2307/1445113. JSTOR 1445113.
Douglas, A.E. (1998). Nutritional interactions in insect–microbial symbioses: Aphids and their symbiotic bacteria buchnera. Annual Review of Entomology, 43, pp. 17–37. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.43.1.17. PMID 15012383.
Drake, J.M., & Griffen, B.D. (2010). Early warning signals of extinction in deteriorating environments. Nature, 467, pp. 456−459
Eastman, L.B., & Thiel, M. (2015). Foraging behavior of crustacean predators and scavengers. In Thiel, M., & Watling, L. (Eds.), Lifestyles and feeding biology. Oxford University Press. pp. 535–556. ISBN 9780199797066.
Edmunds, M. (2012). Deimatic Behavior. Springer. Retrieved 31 December 2012.
Edwards, P.J., & Wratten, S.D. (1985). Induced plant defenses against insect grazing: Fact or artefact?. Oikos, 44(1), pp. 70–74. doi:10.2307/3544045. JSTOR 3544045.
Elumalai, V., Viswanathan, C., Pravinkumar, M., & Raffi, S.M. (2013). Infestation of parasitic barnacle Sacculina spp. in commercial marine crabs. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 38(3), pp. 337–339. doi:10.1007/s12639-013-0247-z. PMC 4087306. PMID 25035598.
Estes, J.A., Doak, D.F., Springer, A.M., & Williams, T.M. (2009). Causes and consequences of marine mammal population declines in southwest Alaska: A food-web perspective. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. B., 364, pp. 1647−1658
Feulner, P. G., Plath, M., Engelmann, J., Kirschbaum, F., & Tiedemann, R. (2009). Electrifying love: Electric fish use species-specific discharge for mate recognition. Biology Letters, 5(2), pp. 225–228. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2008.0566. PMC 2665802. PMID 19033131.
Forbes, L.S. (1989). Prey defenses and predator handling behaviour: The dangerous prey hypothesis. Oikos, 55(2), pp. 155–158. doi:10.2307/3565418. JSTOR 3565418.
Forbes, P. (2009). Dazzled and deceived: Mimicry and camouflage. Yale University Press, p. 134. ISBN 978-0-300-17896-8.
Furness, R.W. (1978). Kleptoparasitism by great skuas (Catharacta skua Brünn.) and Arctic skuas (Stercorarius parasiticus L.) at a Shetland seabird colony. Animal Behaviour, 26, pp. 1167–1177. doi:10.1016/0003-3472(78)90107-0. S2CID 53155057.
Futuyma, D.J., & Gould, F. (1979). Associations of plants and insects in deciduous forest. Ecological Monographs, 49(1), pp. 33–50. doi:10.2307/1942571. ISSN 0012-9615. JSTOR 1942571.
Garcia, L.S. (1999). Classification of human parasites, vectors, and similar organisms. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 29(4), pp. 734–746. doi:10.1086/520425. PMID 10589879.
Gazda, S.K., Connor, R.C., Edgar, R.K., & Cox, F. (2005). A division of labour with role specialization in group-hunting bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) off Cedar Key, Florida. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 272(1559), pp. 135–140. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2937. PMC 1634948. PMID 15695203.
Genovart, M., Negre, N., Tavecchia, G., Bistuer, A., Parpal, L., & Oro, D. (2010). The young, the weak and the sick: Evidence of natural selection by predation. PLOS ONE, 5(3): e9774. Bibcode:2010PLoSO...5.9774G. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0009774. PMC 2841644. PMID 20333305.
Getty, T. (2002). The discriminating babbler meets the optimal diet hawk. Anim. Behav., 63(2), pp. 397–402. doi:10.1006/anbe.2001.1890. S2CID 53164940.
Getz, W.M. (2011). Biomass transformation webs provide a unified approach to consumer-resource modelling. Ecology Letters, 14(2), pp. 113–124. doi:10.1111/j.1461-0248.2010.01566.x. PMC 3032891. PMID 21199247.
Glaspie, C.N. (2019). Blue crab Callinectes sapidus and softshell clam Mya arenaria index of abundance time series 1958−1992. Knowledge Network for Biocomplexity. doi: 10.5063/F19S1PB9
Glaspie, C.N., & Seitz, R.D. (2018). Habitat complexity and benthic predator−prey interactions in Chesapeake Bay. PLOS ONE, 13: e0205162
Glaspie, C.N., Seitz, R.D., Ogburn, M.B., Dungan, C.F., & Hines, A.H. (2018). Impacts of habitat, predators, recruitment, and disease on soft-shell clams Mya arenaria and stout razor clams Tagelus plebeius in Chesapeake Bay. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser., 603, pp. 117−133
Gleeson, S.K., & Wilson, D.S. (1986). Equilibrium diet: Optimal foraging and prey coexistence. Oikos, 46(2), pp. 139. doi:10.2307/3565460. ISSN 0030-1299. JSTOR 3565460.
Goel, N.S., Maitra, S.C., & Montroll, E.W. (1971). On the Volterra and other non-linear models of interacting populations. Academic Press. ISBN 978-0122874505.
Goldbogen, J.A., Calambokidis, J., Shadwick, R.E., Oleson, E.M., McDonald, M.A., & Hildebrand, J.A. (2006). Kinematics of foraging dives and lunge-feeding in fin whales. Journal of Experimental Biology, 209(7), pp. 1231–1244. doi:10.1242/jeb.02135. PMID 16547295. S2CID 17923052. Archived from the original (PDF) on 13 August 2011. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
Gremillet, D., Wilson, R.P., Wanless, S., & Chater, T. (2000). Black-browed albatrosses, international fisheries and the Patagonian Shelf. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 195, pp. 69–280. Bibcode:2000MEPS..195..269G. doi:10.3354/meps195269.
Griffiths, D. (1980). Foraging costs and relative prey size. The American Naturalist, 116(5), pp. 743–752. doi:10.1086/283666. JSTOR 2460632. S2CID 85094710.
Gullan, P.J., & Cranston, P.S. (2010). The insects: An outline of entomology (4th ed.). Wiley, pp. 308, 365–367, 375, 440–441. ISBN 978-1-118-84615-5.
Gurr, G.M., Wratten, S.D., & Snyder, W.E. (2012). Biodiversity and insect pests: Key issues for sustainable management. John Wiley & Sons, pp. 105. ISBN 978-1-118-23185-2.
Harko, T., Lobo, F.S., & Mak, M.K. (2014). Exact analytical solutions of the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered (SIR) epidemic model and of the SIR model with equal death and birth rates. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 236, pp. 184–194. doi:10.1016/j.amc.2014.03.030
Haven, D.S. (1970). A study of the hard and soft clam resources of Virginia: Annual contract report for the period 1 July 1969 through 30 June 1970. Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA.
Haven, D.S., Hargis, W.J., Loesch, J.G., & Whitcomb, J.P. (1976). The effect of Tropical Storm Agnes on oysters, hard clams, soft clams, and oyster drills in Virginia. In Anderson, A.M. (Eds.), The effects of Tropical Storm Agnes on the Chesapeake Bay estuarine system. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, pp. 488−508.
Hawkes, C.V., & Sullivan, J.J. (2001). The impact of herbivory on plants in different resource conditions: A meta-analysis. 82, pp. 2045–2058 – via Wiley.
Heil, M., Koch, T., Hilpert, A., Fiala, B., Boland, W., & Linsenmair, K.E. (2001). Extrafloral nectar production of the ant-associated plant, Macaranga tanarius, is an induced, indirect, defensive response elicited by jasmonic acid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(3), pp. 1083–1088. Bibcode:2001PNAS...98.1083H. doi:10.1073/pnas.031563398. PMC 14712. PMID 11158598.
Hethcote, H. (2000). The mathematics of infectious diseases. SIAM Review, 42(4), pp. 599–653. doi:10.1137/s0036144500371907
Hidding, B., Nolet, B.A., de Boer, T., de Vries, P.P., & Klaassen, M. (2009). Above- and below-ground vertebrate herbivory may each favour a different subordinate species in an aquatic plant community. Oecologia, 162(1), pp. 199–208. doi:10.1007/s00442-009-1450-6. ISSN 0029-8549. PMC 2776151. PMID 19756762.
Holling, C. (1959). The components of predation as revealed by a study of small mammal predation of the European pine sawfly. Can. Entomol., 91, pp. 293−320
Hubel, T.Y., Myatt, J.P., Jordan, N.R., Dewhirst, O.P., McNutt, J.W., & Wilson, A.M. (2016). Energy cost and return for hunting in African wild dogs. Nature Communications, 7: 11034. doi:10.1038/ncomms11034. PMC 4820543. PMID 27023457.
Janis, C. (1990). Correlation of cranial and dental variables with body size in ungulates and macropodoids. In Damuth, J., & MacFadden, B.J. (Eds.), Body size in mammalian paleobiology: Estimation and biological implications. Cambridge University Press, pp. 255–299.
Janis, C.M., & Wilhelm, P.B. (1993). Were there mammalian pursuit predators in the Tertiary? Dances with wolf avatars. Journal of Mammalian Evolution, 1(2), pp. 103–125. doi:10.1007/bf01041590. S2CID 22739360.
Johnston, M.W., Purkis, S.J., & Dodge, R.E. (2015). Measuring Baha - mian lionfish impacts to marine ecological services using habitat equivalency analysis. Mar. Biol., 162, pp. 2501−2512
Jurkevitch, E., & Davidov, Y. (2006). Phylogenetic diversity and evolution of predatory prokaryotes. Predatory Prokaryotes. Springer. pp. 11–56. doi:10.1007/7171_052. ISBN 978-3-540-38577-6.
Kane, A., Healy, K., Guillerme, T., Ruxton, G.D., & Jackson, A.L. (2017). A recipe for scavenging in vertebrates – the natural history of a behaviour. Ecography, 40(2), pp. 324–334. doi:10.1111/ecog.02817
Karasov, W.H., & Diamond, J.M. (1988). Interplay between physiology and ecology in digestion. BioScience, 38(9), pp. 602–611. doi:10.2307/1310825. JSTOR 1310825.
Karban, R., & Agrawal, A.A. (2002). Herbivore offense. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 33, pp. 641–664. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.33.010802.150443.
King, A.A., & Schaffer, W.M. (2001. The geometry of a population cycle: A mechanistic model of snowshoe hare demography. Ecology, 82, pp. 814–830.
Kozlov, V., & Vakulenko, S. (2013). On chaos in Lotka–Volterra systems: An analytical approach. Nonlinearity, 26(8), pp. 2299–2314. Bibcode:2013Nonli..26.2299K. doi:10.1088/0951-7715/26/8/2299.
Kramer, B. (1996). Electroreception and communication in fishes. Progress in Zoology, 42.
Kramer, D.L. (2001). Foraging behavior. In Fox, C.W., Roff, D.A., & Fairbairn, D.J. (Eds.), Evolutionary ecology: Concepts and case studies. Oxford University Press, pp. 232–238. ISBN 9780198030133. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 July 2018. Retrieved 20 September 2018.
Krause, J., & Ruxton, G.D. (2002). Living in groups. Oxford University Press, pp. 13–15. ISBN 9780198508182.
Krebs, C.J., Boonstra, R., Boutin, S., & Sinclair, A.R.E. (2001). What drives the 10-year cycle of snowshoe hares?. BioScience, 51(1), pp. 25. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0025:WDTYCO]2.0.CO;2.
Krebs, C., & Myers, J. (2014). The snowshoe hare 10-year cycle – a cautionary tale. Ecological rants. University of British Columbia. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
Kröger, M., & Schlickeiser, R. (2020). Analytical solution of the SIR-model for the temporal evolution of epidemics. Part A: Time-independent reproduction factor. Journal of Physics A, 53(50): 505601. doi:10.1088/1751-8121/abc65d
Kruuk, H. (1972). The spotted hyena: A study of predation and social behaviour. University of California Press, pp. 107–108. ISBN 978-0226455082.
Lafferty, K.D., & Kuris, A.M. (2002). Trophic strategies, animal diversity and body size. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 17(11), pp. 507–513. doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(02)02615-0. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 October 2019.
Langenheim, J.H. (1994). Higher plant terpenoids: A phytocentric overview of their ecological roles. Journal of Chemical Ecology, 20,(6), pp. 1223–1280. doi:10.1007/BF02059809. PMID 24242340. S2CID 25360410.
Levin, S.A., Carpenter, S.R., Godfray, H.C.J., Kinzig, A.P., Loreau, M., Losos, J.B., Walker, B., & Wilcove, D.S. (2009). The Princeton guide to ecology. Princeton University Press, pp. 204–209. ISBN 9781400833023.
Li, M., Fry, B.G., & Kini, R.M. (2005). Eggs-only diet: Its implications for the toxin profile changes and ecology of the marbled sea snake (Aipysurus eydouxii). Journal of Molecular Evolution, 60(1), pp. 81–89. Bibcode:2005JMolE..60...81L. doi:10.1007/s00239-004-0138-0. PMID 15696370. S2CID 17572816.
Lipcius, R.N., & van Engel, W.A. (1990). Blue crab population dynamics in Chesapeake Bay: Variation in abundance (York River 1972−1988) and stock−recruit functions. Bull Mar. Sci., 46, pp. 180−194
Lloyd J.E. (1965). Aggressive mimicry in Photuris: Firefly femmes fatales. Science, 149(3684), pp. 653–654. Bibcode:1965Sci...149..653L. doi:10.1126/science.149.3684.653. PMID 17747574. S2CID 39386614.
Pellissier, L., Ndiribe, C., Dubuis, A., Pradervand, J.N., Salamin, N., Guisan, A., & Rasmann, S. (2013). Turnover of plant lineages shapes herbivore phylogenetic beta diversity along ecological gradients. Ecology Letters, 16(5), pp. 600–608. doi:10.1111/ele.12083. PMID 23448096.
Lubchenco, J., & Gaines, S.D. (1981). A unified approach to marine plant−herbivore interactions. I. Populations and communities. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Syst., 12, pp. 405−437
Lubchenco, J. (1978). Plant species diversity in a marine intertidal community: Importance of herbivore food preference and algal competitive abilities. The American Naturalist, 112(983), pp. 23–39. doi:10.1086/283250. ISSN 0003-0147. S2CID 84801707.
MacArthur, R.H. (1984). The economics of consumer choice. Geographical ecology: Patterns in the distribution of species. Princeton University Press, pp. 59–76. ISBN 9780691023823.
Maggenti, A.R., Maggenti, M.A., & Gardner, S.L. (2005). Online dictionary of invertebrate zoology. University of Nebraska, p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 18 April 2018.
McNair, J.N. (1986). The effects of refuges on predator-prey interactions: A reconsideration. Theoretical Population Biology, 29,(1), pp. 38–63. doi:10.1016/0040-5809(86)90004-3. PMID 3961711.
Merilaita, S., Scott-Samuel, N.E., & Cuthill, I.C. (2017). How camouflage works. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 372(1724): 20160341. doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0341. PMC 5444062. PMID 28533458.
Merilaita, S., Vallin, A., Kodandaramaiah, U., Dimitrova, M., Ruuskanen, S., & Laaksonen, T. (2011). Number of eyespots and their intimidating effect on naïve predators in the peacock butterfly. Behavioral Ecology, 22(6), pp. 1326–1331. doi:10.1093/beheco/arr135.
Milchunas, D.G., & Noy-Meir, I. (2002). Grazing refuges, external avoidance of herbivory and plant diversity. Oikos, 99(1), pp. 113–130. doi:10.1034/j.1600-0706.2002.990112.x.
Milligan, G.N., & Barrett, A.D. (2015). Vaccinology: An essential guide. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley Blackwell, p. 310. ISBN 978-1-118-63652-7.
Mitter, C., Farrell, B., & Futuyma, D.J. (1991). Phylogenetic studies of insect-plant interactions: Insights into the genesis of diversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 6(9), pp. 290–293. doi:10.1016/0169-5347(91)90007-k. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 21232484.
Moore, T.Y., & Biewener, A.A. (2015). Outrun or outmaneuver: Predator–prey interactions as a model system for integrating biomechanical studies in a broader ecological and evolutionary context. Integrative and Comparative Biology, 55(6), pp. 1188–97. doi:10.1093/icb/icv074. PMID 26117833.
Murdoch, W.W., Briggs, C.J., & Nisbet, R.M. (2013). Consumer-resource dynamics. Princeton University Press, p. 39. ISBN 9781400847259.
Neal, D. (2004). Introduction to population biology. Cambridge University Press, pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780521532235.
Negut, I., Grumezescu, V., & Grumezescu, A.M. (2018). Treatment strategies for infected wounds. Molecules, 23(9), pp. 2392. doi:10.3390/molecules23092392
Nelson, E.H., Matthews, C.E., & Rosenheim, J.A. (2004). Predators reduce prey population growth by inducing changes in prey behavior. Ecology, 85(7), pp. 1853–1858. doi:10.1890/03-3109. JSTOR 3450359.
Newell, C.R., & Hidu, H. (1986). Species profiles: Life histories and environmental requirements of coastal fishes and invertebrates (North Atlantic)—softshell clam. US Fish Wildl. Serv. Biol. Rep., 82(11.53). US Army Corps of Engineers, TR EL-82-4. https: //apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/ u2/ a174837. Pdf
Nishida, R. (2002). Sequestration of defensive substances from plants by Lepidoptera. Annual Review of Entomology, 47, pp. 57–92. doi:10.1146/annurev.ento.47.091201.145121. PMID 11729069.
Nowak, M., & May, R.M. (2000). Virus dynamics: Mathematical principles of immunology and virology. Oxford University Press, p. 8. ISBN 9780191588518.
Olff, H., & Ritchie, M.E. (1998). Effects of herbivores on grassland plant diversity. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 13(7), pp. 261–265. doi:10.1016/s0169-5347(98)01364-0. hdl:11370/3e3ec5d4-fa03-4490-94e3-66534b3fe62f. ISSN 0169-5347. PMID 21238294.
Orth, R.J., & Moore, K.A. (1983). Chesapeake Bay: An unprecedented decline in submerged aquatic vegetation. Science, 222, pp. 51−53
Overview of parasitology. Australian Society of Parasitology and Australian Research Council/National Health and Medical Research Council) Research Network for Parasitology. July 2010. ISBN 978-1-8649999-1-4.
Parratt, S.R., & Laine, A.L. (2016). The role of hyperparasitism in microbial pathogen ecology and evolution. The ISME Journal, 10(8), pp. 1815–1822. doi:10.1038/ismej.2015.247. PMC 5029149. PMID 26784356.
Payne, R.B. (1997). Avian brood parasitism. In Clayton, D.H., & Moore, J. (Eds.), Host–parasite evolution: General principles and avian models. Oxford University Press. pp. 338–369. ISBN 978-0198548928.
Peckarsky, B.L., Abrams, P.A., Bolnick, D.I., Dill, L.M., Grabowski, J.H., Luttbeg, B., Orrock, J.L., Peacor, S.D., Preisser, E.L., Schmitz, O.J., & Trussell, G.C. (2008). Revisiting the classics: Considering nonconsumptive effects in textbook examples of predator–prey interactions. Ecology, 89(9), pp. 2416–2425. doi:10.1890/07-1131.1. PMID 18831163.
Perry, G. (1999). The evolution of search modes: Ecological versus phylogenetic perspectives. The American Naturalist, 153(1), pp. 98–109. doi:10.1086/303145. PMID 29578765. S2CID 4334462.
Pianka, E.R. (2011). Evolutionary ecology (7th (eBook) ed.). pp. 78–83.
Pietsch, T.W. (2005). Dimorphism, parasitism, and sex revisited: Modes of reproduction among deep-sea ceratioid anglerfishes (Teleostei: Lophiiformes). Ichthyological Research, 52(3), pp. 207–236. doi:10.1007/s10228-005-0286-2. S2CID 24768783.
Pillemer, E.A., & Tingey, W.M. (1976). Hooked trichomes: A physical plant barrier to a major agricultural pest. Science, 193(4252), pp. 482–484. Bibcode:1976Sci...193..482P. doi:10.1126/science.193.4252.482. PMID 17841820. S2CID 26751736.
Epstein, E. (1994). A review. PNAS, 91.
Pollitt, L.C., MacGregor, P., Matthews, K., & Reece, S.E. (2011). Malaria and trypanosome transmission: Different parasites, same rules? Trends in Parasitology, 27(5), pp. 197–203. doi:10.1016/j.pt.2011.01.004. PMC 3087881. PMID 21345732.
Poore, A.G.B., Graba-Landry, A., Favret, M., Sheppard Brennand, H., Byrne, M., & Dworjanyn, S.A. (2013). Direct and indirect effects of ocean acidification and warming on a marine plant–herbivore interaction. Oecologia, 173(3), pp. 1113–1124. Bibcode:2013Oecol.173.1113P. doi:10.1007/s00442-013-2683-y. ISSN 0029-8549. PMID 23673470. S2CID 10990079.
Poulin, R. (2011). The many roads to parasitism: A tale of convergence. In Rollinson, D., & Hay, S.I. (Eds.), Advances in parasitology, 74. Academic Press. pp. 27–28. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-385897-9.00001-X. ISBN 978-0-12-385897-9. PMID 21295676.
Poulin, R., & Randhawa, H.S. (2015). Evolution of parasitism along convergent lines: From ecology to genomics. Parasitology, 142(Suppl 1): S6–S15. doi:10.1017/S0031182013001674. PMC 4413784. PMID 24229807.
Preisser, E.L., Bolnick, D.I., & Benard, M.F. (2005). Scared to death? The effects of intimidation and consumption in predator–prey interactions. Ecology, 86(2), pp. 501–509. doi:10.1890/04-0719. ISSN 0012-9658.
Ripple, W.J., & Beschta, R.L. (2004). Wolves and the ecology of fear: Can predation risk structure ecosystems? BioScience, 54(8), pp. 755. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2004)054[0755:WATEOF]2.0.CO;2.
Rochat, J., & Gutierrez, A.P. (2001). Weather-mediated regulation of olive scale by two parasitoids. Journal of Animal Ecology, 70(3), pp. 476–490. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2656.2001.00505.x. S2CID 73607283.
Rothstein, S.I. (1990). A model system for coevolution: Avian brood parasitism. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 21, pp. 481–508. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.21.1.481.
Rosenzweig, M.L., & MacArthur, R.H. (1963). Graphical representation and stability conditions of predator-prey interactions. The American Naturalist, 97, pp. 209–223.
Ruppert, E.E., Fox, R.S., & Barnes, R.D. (2004). Invertebrate zoology, 7th edition. Cengage Learning. pp. 153–154. ISBN 978-81-315-0104-7.
Ruxton, Sherratt & Speed 2004, pp. vii–xii
Sagers, C.L. (1992). Manipulation of host plant quality: Herbivores keep leaves in the dark. Functional Ecology, 6(6), pp. 741–743. doi:10.2307/2389971. JSTOR 2389971.
Sanders, J.G., Beichman, A.C., Roman, J., Scott, J.J., Emerson, D., McCarthy, J.J., & Girguis, P.R. (2015). Baleen whales host a unique gut microbiome with similarities to both carnivores and herbivores. Nature Communications, 6, pp. 8285. Bibcode:2015NatCo...6.8285S. doi:10.1038/ncomms9285. PMC 4595633. PMID 26393325.
Sandsten, H., & Klaassen, M. (2008). Swan foraging shapes spatial distribution of two submerged plants, favouring the preferred prey species. Oecologia, 156(3), pp. 569–576. Bibcode:2008Oecol.156..569S. doi:10.1007/s00442-008-1010-5. ISSN 0029-8549. PMC 2373415. PMID 18335250.
Schmidt, J.O. (2009). Wasps. ScienceDirect. Encyclopedia of Insects (Second ed.). pp. 1049–1052. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-374144-8.00275-7
Schubel, J.R. (1976). Effects of Agnes on the suspended sediment on the Chesapeake Bay and contiguous shelf waters. In Schubel, J.R. (Eds.), The effects of Tropical Storm Agnes on the Chesapeake Bay estuarine system. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, p 179−200
Schubel, J.R., Carter, H.H., & Cronin, W.B. (1976). Effects of Agnes on the distribution of salinity along the main axis of the Bay and in contiguous shelf waters. In Ruzecki, E.P. (Eds.), The effects of Tropical Storm Agnes on the Chesapeake Bay estuarine system. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, MD, p 33−65
Sehgal, M., Ladd, H.J., & Totapally, B. (2020). Trends in epidemiology and microbiology of severe sepsis and septic shock in children. Hospital Pediatrics, 10(12), pp. 1021–1030. doi:10.1542/hpeds.2020-0174
Sheriff, M.J., Peacor, S.D., Hawlena, D., Thaker, M., & Gaillard, J.M. (2020). Non-consumptive predator effects on prey population size: A dearth of evidence. Journal of Animal Ecology, 89(6), pp. 1302–1316. doi:10.1111/1365-2656.13213. PMID 32215909.
Sih, A. (1987). Prey refuges and predator-prey stability. Theoretical Population Biology, 31, pp. 1–12. doi:10.1016/0040-5809(87)90019-0.
Slater, P.J.B., Rosenblatt, J.S., Snowdon, C.T., Roper, T.J., Brockmann, H.J., & Naguib, M. (2005). Advances in the study of behavior. Academic Press, p. 365. ISBN 978-0-08-049015-1.
Steere, A.C. (2001). Lyme disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 345(2), pp. 115–125. doi:10.1056/NEJM200107123450207. PMID 11450660.
Stevens, A.N.P. (2010). Predation, herbivory, and parasitism. Nature Education Knowledge, 3(10), pp. 36. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
Thieme, H.R. (2003). Mathematics in population biology. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-09291-1.
Thomas, J.A., Schönrogge, K., Bonelli, S., Barbero, F., & Balletto, E. (2010). Corruption of ant acoustical signals by mimetic social parasites: Maculinea butterflies achieve elevated status in host societies by mimicking the acoustics of queen ants. Commun Integr Biol., 3(2), pp. 169–171. doi:10.4161/cib.3.2.10603. PMC 2889977. PMID 20585513.
Tyus, H.M. (2011). Ecology and conservation of fishes. CRC Press, p. 233. ISBN 978-1-4398-9759-1.
Van Oystaeyen, A., Araujo Alves, D., Caliari Oliveira, R., Lima do Nascimento, D., Santos do Nascimento, F., Billen, J., & Wenseleers, T. (2013). Sneaky queens in Melipona bees selectively detect and infiltrate queenless colonies. Animal Behaviour, 86(3), pp. 603–609. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.309.6081. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.07.001. S2CID 12921696.
Vermeij, G.J. (1993). Evolution and escalation: An ecological history of life. Princeton University Press, pp. 11 and passim. ISBN 978-0-691-00080-0.
Wetzel, R.G., & Likens, G.E. (2000). Predator-prey interactions. Limnological Analyses. Springer. pp. 257–262. doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3250-4_17. ISBN 978-1-4419-3186-3.
Williams, A.C., & Flaxman, S.M. (2012). Can predators assess the quality of their prey's resource? Animal Behaviour, 83(4), pp, 883–890. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2012.01.008. S2CID 53172079.
Wilson, A.J., et al. (2017). What is a vector? Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 372(1719): 20160085. doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0085. PMC 5352812. PMID 28289253.
Wilson, E.O. (2014). The meaning of human existence. W. W. Norton & Company, p. 112. ISBN 978-0-87140-480-0.
Yang, W., Zhang, D., Peng, L., Zhuge, C., & Hong, L. (2020). Rational evaluation of various epidemic models based on the COVID-19 data of China. arXiv:2003.05666v1
Contributors and Attributions
This chapter was written by N. Gownaris and T. Zallek, with text taken from the following CC-BY resources:
- Predation by Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia
- Herbivore by Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia
- Parasitism by Wikipedia, the free Encylopedia
- Infection by Wikipedia, the free Encyclopedia
- Donovan, T. M. and C. Welden. 2002. Spreadsheet exercises in ecology and evolution. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, MA, USA.