9.E: Diversity of Life (Exercises)
- Page ID
- 117841
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9.1: Organizing Life on Earth
Multiple Choice
What is a phylogeny a description of?
A. mutations
B. DNA
C. evolutionary history
D. organisms on Earth
- Answer
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C
What do scientists in the field of systematics accomplish?
A. discover new fossil sites
B. organize and classify organisms
C. name new species
D. communicate between field biologists
- Answer
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B
Which statement about the taxonomic classification system is correct?
A. There are more domains than kingdoms.
B. Kingdoms are the top category of classification.
C. A phylum may be represented in more than one kingdom.
D. Species are the most specific category of classification.
- Answer
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D
Which best describes the relationship between chimpanzees and humans?
A. chimpanzees evolved from humans
B. humans evolved from chimpanzees
C. chimpanzees and humans evolved from a common ancestor
D. chimpanzees and humans belong to the same species
- Answer
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C
Which best describes a branch point in a phylogenetic tree?
A. a hypothesis
B. new lineage
C. hybridization
D. a mating
- Answer
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B
Free Response
How does a phylogenetic tree indicate major evolutionary events within a lineage?
- Answer
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The phylogenetic tree shows the order in which evolutionary events took place and in what order certain characteristics and organisms evolved in relation to others. It does not generally indicate time durations.
List the different levels of the taxonomic classification system.
- Answer
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Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species.
9.2: Determining Evolutionary Relationships
Multiple Choice
Which statement about analogous traits is correct?
A. They occur only as errors.
B. They are synonymous with homologous traits.
C. They are derived by response to similar environmental pressures.
D. They are a form of mutation.
- Answer
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C
What kind of trait is important to cladistics?
A. shared derived traits
B. shared ancestral traits
C. analogous traits
D. parsimonious traits
- Answer
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A
What is true about organisms that are a part of the same clade?
A. They all share the same basic characteristics.
B. They evolved from a shared ancestor.
C. They all are on the same tree.
D. They have identical phylogenies.
- Answer
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B
A monophyletic group is a ________.
A. phylogenetic tree
B. shared derived trait
C. character state
D. clade
- Answer
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D
Free Response
Dolphins and fish have similar body shapes. Is this feature more likely a homologous or analogous trait?
- Answer
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Dolphins are mammals and fish are not, which means that their evolutionary paths (phylogenies) are quite separate. Dolphins probably adapted to have a similar body plan after returning to an aquatic lifestyle, and therefore this trait is probably analogous.
Describe maximum parsimony.
- Answer
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Maximum parsimony hypothesizes that events occurred in the simplest, most obvious way, and the pathway of evolution probably includes the fewest major events that coincide with the evidence at hand.
How does a biologist determine the polarity of a character change?
- Answer
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The biologist looks at the state of the character in an outgroup, an organism that is outside the clade for which the phylogeny is being developed. The polarity of the character change is from the state of the character in the outgroup to the second state.
9.3: Prokaryotic Diversity
Multiple Choice
The first forms of life on Earth were thought to be_______.
A. single-celled plants
B. prokaryotes
C. insects
D. large animals such as dinosaurs
- Answer
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B
The first organisms that oxygenated the atmosphere were _______.
A. cyanobacteria
B. phototrophic organisms
C. anaerobic organisms
D. all of the above
- Answer
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A
Which of the following consist of prokaryotic cells?
A. bacteria and fungi
B. archaea and fungi
C. protists and animals
D. bacteria and archaea
- Answer
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D
Prokaryotes stain as Gram-positive or Gram-negative because of differences in the _______.
A. cell wall
B. cytoplasm
C. nucleus
D. chromosome
- Answer
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A
Prokaryotes that obtain their energy from chemical compounds are called _____.
A. phototrophs
B. auxotrophs
C. chemotrophs
D. lithotrophs
- Answer
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C
Bioremediation includes _____.
A. the use of prokaryotes that can fix nitrogen
B. the use of prokaryotes to clean up pollutants
C. the use of prokaryotes as natural fertilizers
D. All of the above
- Answer
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B
Free Response
Explain the reason why the imprudent and excessive use of antibiotics has resulted in a major global problem.
- Answer
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Antibiotics kill bacteria that are sensitive to them; thus, only the resistant ones will survive. These resistant bacteria will reproduce, and therefore, after a while, there will be only resistant bacteria, making it more difficult to treat the diseases they may cause in humans.
Your friend believes that prokaryotes are always detrimental and pathogenic. How would you explain to them that they are wrong?
- Answer
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Remind them of the important roles prokaryotes play in decomposition and freeing up nutrients in biogeochemical cycles; remind them of the many prokaryotes that are not human pathogens and that fill very specialized niches.
9.4: Eukaryotic Origins
Multiple Choice
What event is thought to have contributed to the evolution of eukaryotes?
A. global warming
B. glaciation
C. volcanic activity
D. oxygenation of the atmosphere
- Answer
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D
Mitochondria most likely evolved from _____________.
A. a photosynthetic cyanobacterium
B. cytoskeletal elements
C. aerobic bacteria
D. membrane proliferation
- Answer
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C
Free Response
Describe the hypothesized steps in the origin of eukaryote cells.
- Answer
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Eukaryote cells arose through endosymbiotic events that gave rise to energy-producing organelles within the eukaryotic cells, such as mitochondria and plastids. The nuclear genome of eukaryotes is related most closely to the Archaea, so it may have been an early archaean that engulfed a bacterial cell that evolved into a mitochondrion. Mitochondria appear to have originated from an alpha-proteobacterium, whereas chloroplasts originated from a cyanobacterium. There is also evidence of secondary endosymbiotic events. Other cell components may have resulted from endosymbiotic events.