Cellular respiration is a set of metabolic reactions and processes that take place in the cells of organisms to convert biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste products.
-
-
7.1: Energy in Living Systems - Transforming Chemical Energy
-
Cellular respiration is the process of transforming chemical energy into forms usable by the cell or organism.
-
-
7.2: Energy in Living Systems - Electrons and Energy
-
The transfer of electrons between molecules via oxidation and reduction allows the cell to transfer and use energy for cellular functions.
-
-
7.3: Energy in Living Systems - ATP in Metabolism
-
ATP, produced by glucose catabolized during cellular respiration, serves as the universal energy currency for all living organisms.
-
-
7.4: Glycolysis - Importance of Glycolysis
-
Glycolysis is the first step in the breakdown of glucose to extract energy for cellular metabolism.
-
-
7.5: Glycolysis - The Energy-Requiring Steps of Glycolysis
-
In the first half of glycolysis, energy in the form of two ATP molecules is required to transform glucose into two three-carbon molecules.
-
-
7.6: Glycolysis - The Energy-Releasing Steps of Glycolysis
-
In the second half of glycolysis, energy is released in the form of 4 ATP molecules and 2 NADH molecules.
-
-
7.7: Glycolysis - Outcomes of Glycolysis
-
One glucose molecule produces four ATP, two NADH, and two pyruvate molecules during glycolysis.
-
-
7.8: Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle - Breakdown of Pyruvate
-
After glycolysis, pyruvate is converted into acetyl CoA in order to enter the citric acid cycle.
-
-
7.9: Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle - Acetyl CoA to CO₂
-
The acetyl carbons of acetyl CoA are released as carbon dioxide in the citric acid cycle.
-
-
7.10: Oxidation of Pyruvate and the Citric Acid Cycle - Citric Acid Cycle
-
The citric acid cycle is a series of reactions that produces two carbon dioxide molecules, one GTP/ATP, and reduced forms of NADH and FADH2.
-
-
7.11: Oxidative Phosphorylation - Electron Transport Chain
-
The electron transport chain uses the electrons from electron carriers to create a chemical gradient that can be used to power oxidative phosphorylation.
-
-
7.12: Oxidative Phosphorylation - Chemiosmosis and Oxidative Phosphorylation
-
Chemiosmosis is the movement of ions across a selectively permeable membrane, down their electrochemical gradient.
-
-
7.13: Oxidative Phosphorylation - ATP Yield
-
-
-
7.14: Metabolism without Oxygen - Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
-
-
-
7.15: Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways - Connecting Other Sugars to Glucose Metabolism
-
-
-
7.16: Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways - Connecting Proteins to Glucose Metabolism
-
-
-
7.17: Connections of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Lipid Metabolic Pathways - Connecting Lipids to Glucose Metabolism
-
-
-
7.18: Regulation of Cellular Respiration - Regulatory Mechanisms for Cellular Respiration
-
Cellular respiration can be controlled at each stage of glucose metabolism through various regulatory mechanisms.
-
-
7.19: Regulation of Cellular Respiration - Control of Catabolic Pathways
-
Catabolic pathways are controlled by enzymes, proteins, electron carriers, and pumps that ensure that the remaining reactions can proceed.