5.12: Active Transport - Secondary Active Transport
- Differentiate between primary and secondary active transport
Secondary Active Transport (Co-transport)
Unlike in primary active transport, in secondary active transport, ATP is not directly coupled to the molecule of interest. Instead, another molecule is moved up its concentration gradient, which generates an electrochemical gradient. The molecule of interest is then transported down the electrochemical gradient. While this process still consumes ATP to generate that gradient, the energy is not directly used to move the molecule across the membrane, hence it is known as secondary active transport. Both antiporters and symporters are used in secondary active transport. Co-transporters can be classified as symporters and antiporters depending on whether the substances move in the same or opposite directions across the cell membrane.
Secondary active transport brings sodium ions, and possibly other compounds, into the cell. As sodium ion concentrations build outside the plasma membrane because of the action of the primary active transport process, an electrochemical gradient is created. If a channel protein exists and is open, the sodium ions will be pulled through the membrane. This movement is used to transport other substances that can attach themselves to the transport protein through the membrane. Many amino acids, as well as glucose, enter a cell this way. This secondary process is also used to store high-energy hydrogen ions in the mitochondria of plant and animal cells for the production of ATP. The potential energy that accumulates in the stored hydrogen ions is translated into kinetic energy as the ions surge through the channel protein ATP synthase, and that energy is used to convert ADP into ATP.
Contributions and Attributions
- OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44418/latest...ol11448/latest . License : CC BY: Attribution
- active transport. Provided by : Wikipedia. Located at : en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/active%20transport . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- electrochemical gradient. Provided by : Wikipedia. Located at : en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/electro...cal%20gradient . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- adenosine triphosphate. Provided by : Wikipedia. Located at : en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/adenosine%20triphosphate . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- OpenStax College, Active Transport. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44418/latest...e_05_03_02.jpg . License : CC BY: Attribution
- OpenStax College, Active Transport. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44418/latest...e_05_03_01.jpg . License : CC BY: Attribution
- OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44418/latest...ol11448/latest . License : CC BY: Attribution
- Boundless. Provided by : Boundless Learning. Located at : www.boundless.com//biology/de...ctrogenic-pump . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- Na -K ATPase. Provided by : Wikipedia. Located at : en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%20-K%20%20ATPase . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- OpenStax College, Active Transport. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44418/latest...e_05_03_02.jpg . License : CC BY: Attribution
- OpenStax College, Active Transport. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44418/latest...e_05_03_01.jpg . License : CC BY: Attribution
- OpenStax College, Active Transport. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44418/latest...e_05_03_03.jpg . License : CC BY: Attribution
- OpenStax College, Biology. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44418/latest...ol11448/latest . License : CC BY: Attribution
- Structural Biochemistry/Membrane Proteins. Provided by : Wikibooks. Located at : en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Structu...tive_Transport . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- secondary active transport. Provided by : Wikipedia. Located at : en.Wikipedia.org/wiki/seconda...ve%20transport . License : CC BY-SA: Attribution-ShareAlike
- OpenStax College, Active Transport. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44418/latest...e_05_03_02.jpg . License : CC BY: Attribution
- OpenStax College, Active Transport. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44418/latest...e_05_03_01.jpg . License : CC BY: Attribution
- OpenStax College, Active Transport. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44418/latest...e_05_03_03.jpg . License : CC BY: Attribution
- OpenStax College, Active Transport. October 16, 2013. Provided by : OpenStax CNX. Located at : http://cnx.org/content/m44418/latest...e_05_03_04.png . License : CC BY: Attribution
Key Points
- While secondary active transport consumes ATP to generate the gradient down which a molecule is moved, the energy is not directly used to move the molecule across the membrane.
- Both antiporters and symporters are used in secondary active transport.
- Secondary active transport brings sodium ions into the cell, and as sodium ion concentrations build outside the plasma membrane, an electrochemical gradient is created.
- If a channel protein is open via primary active transport, the ions will be pulled through the membrane along with other substances that can attach themselves to the transport protein through the membrane.
- Secondary active transport is used to store high-energy hydrogen ions in the mitochondria of plant and animal cells for the production of ATP.
- The potential energy in the hydrogen ions is translated into kinetic energy as the ions surge through the channel protein ATP synthase, and that energy is used to convert ADP into ATP.
Key Terms
- secondary active transport : A method of transport in which the electrochemical potential difference created by pumping ions out of the cell is used to transport molecules across a membrane.