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3.1: Carbohydrates - Carbohydrate Molecules
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Carbohydrates are essential macromolecules that are classified into three subtypes: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.
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3.2: Carbohydrates - Importance of Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates are a major class of biological macromolecules that are an essential part of our diet and provide energy to the body.
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3.3: Lipid Molecules - Introduction
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Fats and oils, which may be saturated or unsaturated, can be unhealthy but also serve important functions for plants and animals.
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3.4: Lipid Molecules - Waxes
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Waxes are nonpolar lipids that plants and animals use for protection and have many functions in society.
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3.5: Lipid Molecules - Phospholipids
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Phospholipids are amphipathic molecules that make up the bilayer of the plasma membrane and keep the membrane fluid.
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3.6: Lipid Molecules - Steroids
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Steroids, like cholesterol, play roles in reproduction, absorption, metabolism regulation, and brain activity.
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3.7: Proteins - Types and Functions of Proteins
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Proteins perform many essential physiological functions, including catalyzing biochemical reactions.
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3.8: Proteins - Amino Acids
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An amino acid contains an amino group, a carboxyl group, and an R group, and it combines with other amino acids to form polypeptide chains.
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3.9: Proteins - Protein Structure
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Each successive level of protein folding ultimately contributes to its shape and therefore its function.
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3.10: Proteins - Denaturation and Protein Folding
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Denaturation is a process in which proteins lose their shape and, therefore, their function because of changes in pH or temperature.
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3.11: Nucleic Acids - DNA and RNA
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DNA and RNA are nucleic acids that carry out cellular processes, especially the regulation and expression of genes.
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3.12: Nucleic Acids - The DNA Double Helix
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The DNA double helix looks like a twisted staircase, with the sugar and phosphate backbone surrounding complementary nitrogen bases.
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3.13: Nucleic Acids - DNA Packaging
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DNA packaging is an important process in living cells. Without it, a cell is not able to accommodate the large amount of DNA that is stored inside.
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3.14: Nucleic Acids - Types of RNA
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RNA is the nucleic acid that makes proteins from the code provided by DNA through the processes of transcription and translation.