15.E: Diversity of Animals (Exercises)
- Page ID
- 8093
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Review Questions
Which of the following is not a feature common to most animals?
A. development into a fixed body plan
B. asexual reproduction
C. specialized tissues
D. heterotrophic nutrient sourcing
- Answer
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B
Which of the following does not occur?
A. radially symmetrical diploblast
B. diploblastic eucoelomate
C. protostomic coelomate
D. bilaterally symmetrical deuterostome
- Answer
-
B
Free Response
How are specialized tissues important for animal function and complexity?
- Answer
-
Specialized tissues allow more efficient functioning because differentiated tissue types can perform unique functions and work together in tandem to allow the animal to perform more functions. For example, specialized muscle tissue allows directed and efficient movement, and specialized nervous tissue allows for multiple sensory modalities as well as the ability to respond to various sensory information; these functions are not necessarily available to other non-animal organisms.
Using the following terms, explain what classifications and groups humans fall into, from the most general to the most specific: symmetry, germ layers, coelom, embryological development.
- Answer
-
Humans have body plans that are bilaterally symmetrical and are characterized by the development of three germ layers, making them triploblasts. Humans have true coeloms, and are thus eucoelomates. Humans are deuterostomes.
15.2: Sponges and Cnidarians
Review Questions
The large central opening in the poriferan body is called the _____.
A. emmule
B. picule
C. stia
D. osculum
- Answer
-
D
Cnidocytes are found in _____.
A. phylum Porifera
B. phylum Nemertea
C. phylum Nematoda
D. phylum Cnidaria
- Answer
-
D
Cubozoans are ________.
A. polyps
B. medusoids
C. polymorphs
D. sponges
- Answer
-
B
Free Response
Describe the feeding mechanism of sponges and identify how it is different from other animals.
- Answer
-
The sponges draw water carrying food particles into the spongocoel using the beating of flagella in the choanocytes. The food particles are caught by the collar of the choanocyte and brought into the cell by phagocytosis. Digestion of the food particle takes place inside the cell. The difference between this and the mechanisms of other animals is that digestion takes place within cells rather than outside of cells. It means that the organism can feed only on particles smaller than the cells themselves.
Compare the structural differences between Porifera and Cnidaria.
- Answer
-
Poriferans do not possess true tissues, whereas cnidarians do have tissues. Because of this difference, poriferans do not have a nerve net or muscle cells for locomotion, which cnidarians have.
15.3: Flatworms, Nematodes, and Arthropods
Review Questions
Which group of flatworms are primarily external parasites of fish?
- monogeneans
- trematodes
- cestodes
- turbellarians
- Answer
-
A
Crustaceans are _____.
- ecdysozoans
- nematodes
- arachnids
- parazoans
- Answer
-
A
Free Response
Speculate as to what advantage(s) a complete digestive system has over an incomplete digestive system?
- Answer
-
In a complete digestive system, food material is not mixed with waste material, so the digestion and uptake of nutrients can be more efficient. In addition, the complete digestive system allows for an orderly progression of digestion of food matter and the specialization of different zones of the digestive tract.
Describe a potential advantage and disadvantage of the cuticle of ecdysozoans.
- Answer
-
An advantage is that it is a tough covering that is protective against adverse environments, and predators and parasites. A disadvantage is that it must be shed and regrown for the animal to grow, which requires energy and makes the animal vulnerable during this process.
15.4: Mollusks and Annelids
Review Questions
A mantle and mantle cavity are present in _____.
A. class Oligochaeta
B. class Bivalvia
C. class Polychaeta
D. class Hirudinea
- Answer
-
C
Annelids have a _____.
A. pseudocoelom
B. a true coelom
C. no coelom
D. none of the above
- Answer
-
B
Free Response
Describe the morphology and anatomy of mollusks.
- Answer
-
Mollusks have a large muscular foot that may be modified in various ways, such as into tentacles, but it functions in locomotion. They have a mantle, a structure of tissue that covers and encloses the dorsal portion of the animal and secretes the shell when it is present. The mantle encloses the mantle cavity, which houses the gills (when present), excretory pores, anus, and gonadopores. The coelom of mollusks is restricted to the region around the systemic heart. The main body cavity is a hemocoel. Many mollusks have a radula near the mouth that is used for scraping food.
15.5: Echinoderms and Chordates
Review Questions
Echinoderms in their larval state have _____.
A. triangular symmetry
B. radial symmetry
C. hexagonal symmetry
D. bilateral symmetry
- Answer
-
D
The circulatory fluid in echinoderms is _____.
A. blood
B. mesohyl
C. water
D. saline
- Answer
-
C
Which of the following is not a member of the phylum Chordata?
A. Cephalochordata
B. Echinodermata
C. Urochordata
D. Vertebrata
- Answer
-
B
Free Response
Sessile adult tunicates lose the notochord; what does this suggest about one function of this structure?
- Answer
-
It suggests that the notochord is important for support during locomotion of an organism.
During embryonic development, what features do we share with tunicates or lancelets?
- Answer
-
During embryonic development, we also have a notochord, a dorsal hollow nerve tube, pharyngeal slits, and a post-anal tail.
15.6: Vertebrates
Review Questions
Members of Chondrichthyes differ from members of Osteichthyes by having a ________.
A. jaw
B. bony skeleton
C. cartilaginous skeleton
D. two sets of paired fins
- Answer
-
C
Squamata includes _____.
A. crocodiles and alligators
B. turtles
C. tuataras
D. lizards and snakes
- Answer
-
D
Sudoriferous glands produce ________.
A. sweat
B. lipids
C. sebum
D. milk
- Answer
-
A
Which of the following is a Monotreme?
A. kangaroo
B. koala
C. bandicoot
D. platypus
- Answer
-
D
Free Response
What can be inferred about the evolution of the cranium and the vertebral column from examining hagfishes and lampreys?
- Answer
-
Comparison of hagfishes with lampreys shows that the cranium evolved first in early vertebrates, as it is seen in hagfishes, which evolved earlier than lampreys. This was followed by evolution of the vertebral column, a primitive form of which is seen in lampreys and not in hagfishes.
Explain why frogs are restricted to a moist environment.
- Answer
-
A moist environment is required as frog eggs lack a shell and dehydrate quickly in dry environments.
Describe three adaptations that allow for flight in birds.
- Answer
-
Birds have feathers that streamline the bird body and assist in flight. They also have pneumatic bones that are hollow rather than tissue-filled. Birds are endothermic, which allows for a higher metabolism demanded by flight.