2.9: Bibliography
- Page ID
- 26831
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)
\( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\)
\( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\)
\( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\)
\( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\)
\( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\)
\( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\)
\( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorA}[1]{\vec{#1}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorAt}[1]{\vec{\text{#1}}} % arrow\)
\( \newcommand{\vectorB}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorC}[1]{\textbf{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorD}[1]{\overrightarrow{#1}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectorDt}[1]{\overrightarrow{\text{#1}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vectE}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{\mathbf {#1}}}} \)
\( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}} } \)
\( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash {#1}}} \)
\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)Abrams, R.W., E.D. Anwana, A. Ormsby, et al. 2009. Integrating top-down with bottom-up conservation policy in Africa. Conservation Biology 23: 799–804. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01285.x
African Parks. 2016. African Parks annual report 2015: Conservation at scale (Johannesburg: African Parks). https://www.africanparks.org/sites/default/files/uploads/resources/2017-05/APN_AnnualReport_2015.pdf
Amano, T., T. Székely, B. Sandel, et al. 2018. Successful conservation of global waterbird populations depends on effective governance. Nature 553: 199–202. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25139
Balmford, A., J.L. Moore, T. Brooks, et al. 2011. Conservation conflicts across Africa. Science 291: 2616–19. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.291.5513.2616
Beale, C.M. 2018. Trends and themes in African ornithology. Ostrich 89: 99–108. https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2017.1407834
BirdLife International. 2019. IBA’s in Danger-Site Summary. http://datazone.birdlife.org/site/ibaidsites
Booth, V.R., and K.M. Dunham. 2016. Elephant poaching in Niassa Reserve, Mozambique: Population impact revealed by combined survey trends for live elephants and carcasses. Oryx 50: 94–103. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605314000568
Borrini-Feyerabend, G., M. Pimbert, M.T. Farvar, et al. 2004. Sharing power. Learning by doing in co-management of natural resources throughout the world (Cenesta: IIED and IUCN/CEESP/CMWG). http://pubs.iied.org/G01089
Brito, J.C., S.M. Durant, N. Pettorelli, et al., 2018. Armed conflicts and wildlife decline: Challenges and recommendations for effective conservation policy in the Sahara‐Sahel. Conservation Letters 11: e12446. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12446
Brugiere, D., and R. Kormos. 2009. Review of the protected area network in Guinea, West Africa, and recommendations for new sites for biodiversity conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation 18: 847–68. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10531-008-9508-z
Buffenstein, R., and S. Yahav. 1991. Is the naked mole-rat Heterocephalus glaber an endothermic yet poikilothermic? Journal of Thermal Biology 16: 227–32. https://doi.org/10.1016/0306-4565(91)90030-6
Burgess, N., J.D. Hales, E. Underwood, et al. 2004. Terrestrial Ecoregions of Africa and Madagascar: A Conservation Assessment (Washington: Island Press).
Canney, S., and N. Ganamé. 2015. The Mali elephant project, Mali. In: Conservation, Crime and Communities: Case Studies of Efforts to Engage Local Communities in Tackling Illegal Wildlife Trade, ed. by D. Roe (London: IIED). http://pubs.iied.org/14648IIED/
Chinsembu, K.C. 2015. Plants as antimalarial agents in Sub-Saharan Africa. Acta Tropica 152: 32–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.08.009
Christy, B., and B. Stirton. 2015. How killing elephants finances terror in Africa. National Geographic. http://on.natgeo.com/1I5N2aO.
Cioc, M. 2009. The Game of Conservation: International Treaties to Protect the World’s Migratory Animals (Columbus: Ohio University Press).
Clements, H., J. Baum, and G.S. Cumming. 2016. Money and motives: An organizational ecology perspective on private land conservation. Biological Conservation 197: 108–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2016.03.002
Cooney, R., C. Freese, H. Dublin, et al. 2017. The baby and the bathwater: Trophy hunting, conservation and rural livelihoods. Unasylva 249: 3–16. http://www.fao.org/3/i6855en/I6855EN.pdf
Cooney, R., D. Roe, H. Dublin, et al. 2017. From poachers to protectors: Engaging local communities in solutions to illegal wildlife trade. Conservation Letters 10: 368–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12294
Cresswell, W. 2018. The continuing lack of ornithological research capacity in almost all of West Africa. Ostrich 89: 123–29. https://doi.org/10.2989/00306525.2017.1388301
Cross, H. 2015. Displacement, disempowerment and corruption: challenges at the interface of fisheries, management and conservation in the Bijagós Archipelago, Guinea-Bissau. Oryx 50: 693–701. https://doi.org/10.1017/S003060531500040X
Cumming, D.H.M., M.B. Fenton, I.L. Rautenbach, et al. 1997. Elephants, woodlands and biodiversity in southern Africa. South African Journal of Science 93: 231–36
Daskin, J.H., and R.M. Pringle. 2018. Warfare and wildlife declines in Africa’s protected areas. Nature 553: 328–32. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature25194
Davis A.P., T.W. Gole, S. Baena, et al. 2012. The impact of climate change on indigenous Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica): Predicting future trends and identifying priorities. PLoS ONE 7: e47981. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047981
de Vos, A., H.S. Clements, D. Biggs, et al. 2019. The dynamics of proclaimed privately protected areas in South Africa over 83 years. Conservation Letters 12: e12644. https://doi.org/10.1111/conl.12644
Dickman, A., P.J. Johnson, F. van Kesteren, et al. 2015. The moral basis for conservation: How is it affected by culture? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 13: 325–31. https://doi.org/10.1890/140056
Dunning, J.B. Jr. 2008. CRC Handbook of Avian Body Masses (Boca Raton: CRC Press).
Foley, J.A., M.T. Coe, M. Scheffer, et al. 2003. Regime shifts in the Sahara and Sahel: Interactions between ecological and climatic systems in Northern Africa. Ecosystems 6: 524–32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10021-002-0227-0
Geisler, C., and R. de Sousa. 2001. From refuge to refugee: the African case. Public Administration and Development 21: 159–70. https://doi.org/10.1002/pad.158
Gill, D.A., M.B. Mascia, G.N. Ahmadia, et al. 2017. Capacity shortfalls hinder the performance of marine protected areas globally. Nature 543: 665–69. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature21708
Gorenflo, L.J., S. Romaine, R.A. Mittermeier, et al. 2012. Co-occurrence of linguistic and biological diversity in biodiversity hotspots and high biodiversity wilderness areas. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 109: 8032–37. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1117511109
Hance, J. 2018. Trump’s elephant, lion trophy hunting policy hit with double lawsuits. Mongabay https://news.mongabay.com/2018/03/trumps-elephant-lion-trophy-hunting-policy-hit-with-double-lawsuits.
Hauenstein, S., M. Kshatriya, J. Blanc, et al. 2019. African elephant poaching rates correlate with local poverty, national corruption and global ivory price. Nature Communications 10: 2242. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-09993-2
Hsiang, S., and N. Sekar. 2016. Does legalization reduce black market activity? Evidence from a global ivory experiment and elephant poaching data. NBER Working Paper 22314 (Cambridge: National Bureau of Economic Research). https://doi.org/10.3386/w22314
Ijang, T.P., N. Cleto, N.W. Ewane, et al. 2012. Transboundary dialogue and cooperation: First lessons from igniting negotiations on joint management of the Mayombe Forest in the Congo Basin. International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry 2: 121–31. https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijaf.20120203.08
IUCN. 2004. An introduction to the African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (Gland: IUCN). https://portals.iucn.org/library/efiles/documents/EPLP-056-rev.pdf
IUCN. 2019. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. http://www.iucnredlist.org
IUCN/PACO. 2009. Big game hunting in West Africa. What is its contribution to conservation? (Ouagadougou: IUCN/PACO). https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/2009-074-En.pdf
Jarvis, J.U.M., M.J. O’Riain, N.C. Bennett, et al. 1994. Mammalian eusociality: A family affair. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 9: 47–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0169-5347(94)90267-4
Juhé-Beaulaton, D., and B. Roussel. 2002. Les sites religieux vodun, des patrimoines en permanente evolution. In: Patrimonialiser la nature tropicale: Dynamiques locales, enjeux internationaux, ed. by M.-C. Cormier-Salem et al. (Paris: IRD). http://horizon.documentation.ird.fr/exl-doc/pleins_textes/divers09-03/010028405.pdf
Kalpers, J., E.A. Williamson, M.M. Robbins, et al. 2003. Gorillas in the crossfire: Population dynamics of the Virunga mountain gorillas over the past three decades. Oryx 37: 326–37. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605303000589
King, J., A. Wandera, M.I. Sheikh, et al. 2016. Status of Hirola in Ishaqbini Community Conservancy (Masalani: Ishaqbini Hirola Community Conservancy; Northern Rangelands Trust). https://nrt-kenya.squarespace.com/s/Hirola-sanctuary-status-report-May2016-mjwy.pdf
Klopper, R.R., L. Gautier, C. Chatelain, et al. 2007. Floristics of the angiosperm flora of Sub-Saharan Africa: An analysis of the African Plant Checklist and Database. Taxon 56: 201–08.
Koohafkan, P., M. Salman, and C. Casarotto. 2011. Investments in land and water. SOLAW Background Thematic Report TR17 (London: FAO). http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/solaw/files/thematic_reports/TR_17_web.pdf
Kümpel, N.F., A. Quinn, and S. Grange. 2015. The distribution and population status of the elusive okapi, Okapia johnstoni. African Journal of Ecology 53: 242–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/aje.12221
Laine, A. 1990. Mythe et Réalités: Les Enfants nés Pour Mourir en Afrique de l’Ouest. Episteme 1: 87–97.
Laurance W.F. 2013. Does research help to safeguard protected areas? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 28: 261–66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2013.01.017
Lenzen, M., D. Moran, K. Kanemoto, et al. 2012. International trade drives biodiversity threats in developing nations. Nature 486: 109–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature11145
Lewis, M.P., G.F. Simons, and C.D. Fennig. 2014. Ethnologue: Languages of the World (Dallas: SIL International). https://www.ethnologue.com
Lindsey, P.A., P.A. Roulet, and S.S. Romanach. 2007. Economic and conservation significance of the trophy hunting industry in sub-Saharan Africa. Biological Conservation 134: 455–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2006.09.005
Lotz, C.N., J.A. Caddick, M. Forner, et al. 2013. Beyond just species: Is Africa the most taxonomically diverse bird continent? South African Journal of Science 109(5/6): 1–4. https://doi.org/10.1590/sajs.2013/20120002
Maciejewski, K., and G. Cumming. 2015. The relevance of socioeconomic interactions for the resilience of protected area networks. Ecosphere 6: 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1890/ES15-00022.1
Maciejewski, K., and G.I. Kerley. 2014. Elevated elephant density does not improve ecotourism opportunities: Convergence in social and ecological objectives. Ecological Applications 24: 920–26. https://doi.org/10.1890/13-0935.1
MacKenzie, J.M. 1997. The Empire of Nature: Hunting, Conservation and British Imperialism (Manchester: Manchester University Press).
Mbaiwa, J.E. 2018. Effects of the safari hunting tourism ban on rural livelihoods and wildlife conservation in Northern Botswana. South African Geographical Journal 100: 41–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/03736245.2017.1299639
McClanahan, T.R., and P.S. Rankin. 2016. Geography of conservation spending, biodiversity, and culture. Conservation Biology 30: 1089–101. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12720
Miller, J.M., S. Hallager, S.L. Monfort, et al. 2011. Phylogeographic analysis of nuclear and mtDNA supports subspecies designations in the ostrich (Struthio camelus). Conservation Genetics 12: 423–31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10592-010-0149-x
Miller, S.E., and L.M. Rogo. 2011. Challenges and opportunities in understanding and utilisation of African insect diversity. Cimbebasia 17: 197–218
Mittermeier, R.A., P. Robles-Gil, M. Hoffman, et al. 2004. Hotspots Revisited: Earth’s Biologically Richest and Most Endangered Terrestrial Ecoregions (Chicago: University of Chicago Press).
Nackoney, J., G. Molinario, P. Potapov, et al. 2014. Impacts of civil conflict on primary forest habitat in northern Democratic Republic of the Congo, 1990–2010. Biological Conservation 170: 321–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2013.12.033.
Nellemann, C., R. Henriksen, A. Kreilhuber, et al. 2016. The rise of environmental crime—A growing threat to natural resources, peace, development and security (Cambridge: UNEP). http://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/7662
Nyirenda, V.R., P.A. Lindsey, E. Phiri, et al. 2015. Trends in the illegal killing of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in the Luangwa and Zambezi Ecosystems of Zambia. Environment and Natural Resources Research 5: 24–36. https://doi.org/10.5539/enrr.v5n2p24
Oldekop, J.A., G. Holmes, W.E. Harris, et al. 2016. A global assessment of the social and conservation outcomes of protected areas. Conservation Biology 30: 133–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.12568
Olson, D.M., E. Dinerstein, E.D. Wikramanayake, et al. 2001. Terrestrial ecoregions of the world: A new map of life on Earth. BioScience 51: 933–38. https://doi.org/10.1641/0006-3568(2001)051[0933:TEOTWA]2.0.CO;2
Parker, L. 2017. New ocean reserve, largest in Africa, protects whales and turtles. National Geographic. http://on.natgeo.com/2samx3a
Prendergast, D.K., and W.M. Adams. 2003. Colonial wildlife conservation and the origins of the Society for the Preservation of the Wild Fauna of the Empire (1903–1914). Oryx 37: 251–60. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605303000425
Rebelo, A.G. 1992. Red Data Book species in the Cape Floristic Region: Threats, priorities and target species. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa 48: 55–86. https://doi.org/10.1080/00359199209520256
Roe D., F. Nelson, and C. Sandbrook. 2009. Community management of natural resources in Africa: Impacts, experiences and future directions. Natural Resource Issues 18 (London: IIED). http://pubs.iied.org/pdfs/17503IIED.pdf
Ron, T. 2003. The conservation of the Maiombe Forest, Cabinda, Angola, within the framework of a transfrontier conservation initiative. The World Parks Congress, September 2003, Durban, South Africa.
Ron, T. 2007. Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) proposed framework for transfrontier conservation areas (TFCAs). Issues and options report. Approved by the SADC Integrated Committee of Ministers (ICM). http://www.tbpa.net/docs/SDC_SADC%20final%20report%20draft_Tamar%20Ron.pdf
Ron, T. 2011a. Potential for designating protected areas for conservation and for identifying conservation corridors as part of the planning process of the Mayombe Forest Ecosystems Transfrontier Conservation Area. Report for the Governments of Angola, Congo, and DRC, UNEP and IUCN.
Ron, T. 2011b. Towards a transboundary protected area complex in the Mayombe Forest Ecosystems. Five years strategic plan and roadmap. With inputs from Angola, Congo, DRC, UNEP and IUCN. Adopted by the Mayombe Transfrontier Initiative’s Governments on March 2013.
Rouget, M., M. Barnett, R.M. Cowling, et al. 2014. Conserving the Cape Floristic Region. In: Fynbos: Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation of a Megadiverse Region, ed. by N. Allsopp et al. (Oxford: Oxford University Press).
Roussel, B. 1994. Des dieux à l’homme. Les plantes des vaudous. Hommes et Plantes 7–8: 46–49.
Sinclair, I., and P. Ryan. 2011. Birds of Africa South of the Sahara. Penguin Random House, Johannesburg, South Africa.
Sokpon, N., A. Ametepe, and V. Agbo. 1998. Forêts sacrées et conservation de la biodiversité au Bénin: cas du pays Adja au Sud-Ouest du Bénin, Annales des Sciences Agronomiques 1: 47–64.
Spalding, M.D., H.E. Fox, G.R. Allen, et al. 2007. Marine ecoregions of the world: A bioregionalization of coastal and shelf areas. BioScience 57: 573–83. https://doi.org/10.1641/B570707
UNEP-WCMC. 2019. World Database on Protected Areas. http://www.protectedplanet.net
Vasilijevic, M., K. Zunckel, M. McKinney, et al. 2015. Transboundary Conservation: A systematic and integrated approach. Best Practice Protected Area Guidelines, Series 23 (Gland: IUCN). https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.CH.2015.PAG.23.en
Wasser, S.K., C. Mailand, R. Booth, et al. 2007. Using DNA to track the largest ivory seizure since the 1989 trade ban. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104: 4228–33. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0609714104
Wasser, S.K., L. Brown, C. Mailand, et al. 2015. Genetic assignment of large seizures of elephant ivory reveals Africa’s major poaching hotspots. Science 349: 84–87. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaa2457
Waterland, S, J. Vaughan, E. Lyman, et al. 2015. Illegal wildlife trade review of Malawi (Lilongwe: DNPW). https://www.lilongwewildlife.org/wp-content/uploads/IWT-Review-Malawi.pdf
Watson, J.E., N. Dudley, D.B. Segan, et al. 2014. The performance and potential of protected areas. Nature 515: 67–73. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13947
Watterson, G.G. 1963. Conservation of nature and natural resources in modern African states. IUCN Publications New Series 1 (Morges: IUCN). https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/NS-001.pdf
WHC (World Heritage Committee). 2007. Nomination of natural, mixed and cultural properties to the World Heritage List - Virunga National Park. Decision 31COM 8B.74 (Christchurch: UNESCO. https://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/1377
Wilson, K.A., N.A. Auerbach, K. Sam, et al. 2016. Conservation research is not happening where it is most needed. PLoS Biology 14: e1002413. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.1002413
Winter, S.J., H. Prozesky, and K.J Esler. 2007. A case study of landholder attitudes and behavior toward the conservation of renosterveld, a critically endangered vegetation type in Cape Floral Kingdom, South Africa. Environmental Management 40: 46–61. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-006-0086-0
World Bank. 2017. Global economic prospects, June 2017: A fragile recovery (Washington: World Bank). https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/26800/9781464810244.pdf
World Bank. 2019. World Bank Open Data: Sub-Saharan Africa. http://data.worldbank.org/region/sub-saharan-africa
WWF/TNC. 2013. Freshwater Ecoregions of the World. http://www.feow.org
Zunckel, K. 2014. Southern African Development Community transfrontier conservation guidelines: The establishment and development of TFCA initiatives between SADC Member States (Gabarone: SADC TFCA).