4.1: Mitosis and the Cell Cycle
Mitosis is a process of equal cell division, where each of the new cells receives the same number of chromosomes as the original cell. Mitosis does not change the cells’ genotype. The goal of mitosis is to distribute pre-combined genetic material equally. Actually, mitosis is a kind of karyokinesis , or splitting of the nucleus, as opposed to cytokinesis , which is the splitting of the whole cell. Karyokinesis and cytokinesis are parts of the cell cycle .
All prokaryotes (Monera) have a simple cell division called “binary fission”. DNA duplicates (replication), segregates and then cell splits in two (Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\)).
Eukaryotes have much more DNA than prokaryotes. This is why their cell division is more complicated. There are four stages: prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Prophase is the longest, nucleus disintegrates (except some protists like fungi) and the DNA is super-spiralized into chromosomes (“archived”). In metaphase , the chromosomes go to the cell equator, and every “double”, “X-like” chromosome is then split in two halves which schematically can be shown as
\[X \rightarrow I + I\]
In anaphase , microtubules move these \(I\)-like chromosomes to different poles of the cell. In telophase , the endoplasmic reticulum will form nuclear envelopes and DNA despiralizes (Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\)).
Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) Binary fission of prokaryotes.
When mitosis is over, cell starts to divide (cytokinesis). Plant\(_2\) cells use vesicles to form the border whereas many protists and animals form a constriction which finally separates two cells. Normally, chloroplasts and mitochodria are equally distributed between daughter cells along with the other cell content. Chloroplasts and mitochondria may also independently divide in “bacterial” (binary fission) way.
Mitosis is the part of the bigger cell cycle (Figure 4.2.1). Cell cycle includes pre-synthetic stage , synthetic stage , post-synthetic stage (they are parts of interphase ), karyokinesis (= mitosis) and finally cytokinesis. Apart from mitosis and cytokinesis, the most important stage of cell cycle is the synthetic stage ( S-stage ) when every DNA molecule (despiralized chromosome) duplicates: \[I \rightarrow X\]
To simplify understanding of these numerous stages, one could use the following scheme. Cell cycle here has three main phases, and mitosis has four subphases:
Figure \(\PageIndex{2}\) Principal scheme of mitosis.