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24.5: Key Terms

Last updated

Oct 22, 2024
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- 24.4: Prokaryotic Cell Division
- 24.6: Chapter Summary

This page is a draft and is under active development.

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anaphase: stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids are separated from each other

binary fission: prokaryotic cell division process

cell cycle: ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells

cell plate: structure formed during plant cell cytokinesis by Golgi vesicles, forming a temporary structure (phragmoplast) and fusing at the metaphase plate; ultimately leads to the formation of cell walls that separate the two daughter cells

centriole: rod-like structure constructed of microtubules at the center of each animal cell centrosome

centromere: region at which sister chromatids are bound together; a constricted area in condensed chromosomes

chromatid: single DNA molecule of two strands of duplicated DNA and associated proteins held together at the centromere

cleavage furrow: constriction formed by an actin ring during cytokinesis in animal cells that leads to cytoplasmic division

condensin: proteins that help sister chromatids coil during prophase

cytokinesis: division of the cytoplasm following mitosis that forms two daughter cells.

diploid: cell, nucleus, or organism containing two sets of chromosomes (2n)

FtsZ: tubulin-like protein component of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton that is important in prokaryotic cytokinesis (name origin: Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z)

G₀phase: distinct from the G₁ phase of interphase; a cell in G₀ is not preparing to divide

G₁ phase: (also, first gap) first phase of interphase centered on cell growth during mitosis

G₂ phase: (also, second gap) third phase of interphase during which the cell undergoes final preparations for mitosis

gamete: haploid reproductive cell or sex cell (sperm, pollen grain, or egg)

gene: physical and functional unit of heredity, a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein.

genome: total genetic information of a cell or organism

haploid: cell, nucleus, or organism containing one set of chromosomes (n)

histone: one of several similar, highly conserved, low molecular weight, basic proteins found in the chromatin of all eukaryotic cells; associates with DNA to form nucleosomes

homologous chromosomes: chromosomes of the same morphology with genes in the same location; diploid organisms have pairs of homologous chromosomes (homologs), with each homolog derived from a different parent

interphase: period of the cell cycle leading up to mitosis; includes G₁, S, and G₂ phases (the interim period between two consecutive cell divisions)

karyokinesis: mitotic nuclear division

kinetochore: protein structure associated with the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and binds spindle microtubules during prometaphase

locus: position of a gene on a chromosome

metaphase: stage of mitosis during which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate

metaphase plate: equatorial plane midway between the two poles of a cell where the chromosomes align during metaphase

mitosis: (also, karyokinesis) period of the cell cycle during which the duplicated chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei; includes prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

mitotic phase: period of the cell cycle during which duplicated chromosomes are distributed into two nuclei and cytoplasmic contents are divided; includes karyokinesis (mitosis) and cytokinesis

mitotic spindle: apparatus composed of microtubules that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis

nucleosome: subunit of chromatin composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins

origin: (also, ORI) region of the prokaryotic chromosome where replication begins (origin of replication)

p21: cell-cycle regulatory protein that inhibits the cell cycle; its levels are controlled by p53

p53: cell-cycle regulatory protein that regulates cell growth and monitors DNA damage; it halts the progression of the cell cycle in cases of DNA damage and may induce apoptosis

prometaphase: stage of mitosis during which the nuclear membrane breaks down and mitotic spindle fibers attach to kinetochores

prophase: stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form

quiescent: refers to a cell that is performing normal cell functions and has not initiated preparations for cell division

S phase: second, or synthesis, stage of interphase during which DNA replication occurs

septum: structure formed in a bacterial cell as a precursor to the separation of the cell into two daughter cells

telophase: stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, decondense, and are surrounded by a new nuclear envelope

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