24.5: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 146296
This page is a draft and is under active development.
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- anaphase
- stage of mitosis during which sister chromatids are separated from each other
- binary fission
- prokaryotic cell division process
- cell cycle
- ordered series of events involving cell growth and cell division that produces two new daughter cells
- cell plate
- structure formed during plant cell cytokinesis by Golgi vesicles, forming a temporary structure (phragmoplast) and fusing at the metaphase plate; ultimately leads to the formation of cell walls that separate the two daughter cells
- centriole
- rod-like structure constructed of microtubules at the center of each animal cell centrosome
- centromere
- region at which sister chromatids are bound together; a constricted area in condensed chromosomes
- chromatid
- single DNA molecule of two strands of duplicated DNA and associated proteins held together at the centromere
- cleavage furrow
- constriction formed by an actin ring during cytokinesis in animal cells that leads to cytoplasmic division
- condensin
- proteins that help sister chromatids coil during prophase
- cytokinesis
- division of the cytoplasm following mitosis that forms two daughter cells.
- diploid
- cell, nucleus, or organism containing two sets of chromosomes (2n)
- FtsZ
- tubulin-like protein component of the prokaryotic cytoskeleton that is important in prokaryotic cytokinesis (name origin: Filamenting temperature-sensitive mutant Z)
- G0 phase
- distinct from the G1 phase of interphase; a cell in G0 is not preparing to divide
- G1 phase
- (also, first gap) first phase of interphase centered on cell growth during mitosis
- G2 phase
- (also, second gap) third phase of interphase during which the cell undergoes final preparations for mitosis
- gamete
- haploid reproductive cell or sex cell (sperm, pollen grain, or egg)
- gene
- physical and functional unit of heredity, a sequence of DNA that codes for a protein.
- genome
- total genetic information of a cell or organism
- haploid
- cell, nucleus, or organism containing one set of chromosomes (n)
- histone
- one of several similar, highly conserved, low molecular weight, basic proteins found in the chromatin of all eukaryotic cells; associates with DNA to form nucleosomes
- homologous chromosomes
- chromosomes of the same morphology with genes in the same location; diploid organisms have pairs of homologous chromosomes (homologs), with each homolog derived from a different parent
- interphase
- period of the cell cycle leading up to mitosis; includes G1, S, and G2 phases (the interim period between two consecutive cell divisions)
- karyokinesis
- mitotic nuclear division
- kinetochore
- protein structure associated with the centromere of each sister chromatid that attracts and binds spindle microtubules during prometaphase
- locus
- position of a gene on a chromosome
- metaphase
- stage of mitosis during which chromosomes are aligned at the metaphase plate
- metaphase plate
- equatorial plane midway between the two poles of a cell where the chromosomes align during metaphase
- mitosis
- (also, karyokinesis) period of the cell cycle during which the duplicated chromosomes are separated into identical nuclei; includes prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase
- mitotic phase
- period of the cell cycle during which duplicated chromosomes are distributed into two nuclei and cytoplasmic contents are divided; includes karyokinesis (mitosis) and cytokinesis
- mitotic spindle
- apparatus composed of microtubules that orchestrates the movement of chromosomes during mitosis
- nucleosome
- subunit of chromatin composed of a short length of DNA wrapped around a core of histone proteins
- origin
- (also, ORI) region of the prokaryotic chromosome where replication begins (origin of replication)
- p21
- cell-cycle regulatory protein that inhibits the cell cycle; its levels are controlled by p53
- p53
- cell-cycle regulatory protein that regulates cell growth and monitors DNA damage; it halts the progression of the cell cycle in cases of DNA damage and may induce apoptosis
- prometaphase
- stage of mitosis during which the nuclear membrane breaks down and mitotic spindle fibers attach to kinetochores
- prophase
- stage of mitosis during which chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form
- quiescent
- refers to a cell that is performing normal cell functions and has not initiated preparations for cell division
- S phase
- second, or synthesis, stage of interphase during which DNA replication occurs
- septum
- structure formed in a bacterial cell as a precursor to the separation of the cell into two daughter cells
- telophase
- stage of mitosis during which chromosomes arrive at opposite poles, decondense, and are surrounded by a new nuclear envelope