20.5: Key Terms

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minoacyl tRNA synthetase: enzyme that “charges” tRNA molecules by catalyzing a bond between the tRNA and a corresponding amino acid

anticodon: three-nucleotide sequence in a tRNA molecule that corresponds to an mRNA codon

central dogma: states that genes specify the sequence of mRNAs, which in turn specify the sequence of proteins

codon: three consecutive nucleotides in mRNA that specify the insertion of an amino acid or the release of a polypeptide chain during translation

colinear: in terms of RNA and protein, three “units” of RNA (nucleotides) specify one “unit” of protein (amino acid) in a consecutive fashion

degeneracy: (of the genetic code) describes that a given amino acid can be encoded by more than one nucleotide triplet; the code is degenerate, but not ambiguous

hairpin: structure of RNA when it folds back on itself and forms intramolecular hydrogen bonds between complementary nucleotides

initiator tRNA: in prokaryotes, called $t R N A_{f}^{M e t}$ ; in eukaryotes, called tRNA_i; a tRNA that interacts with a start codon, binds directly to the ribosome P site, and links to a special methionine to begin a polypeptide chain

Kozak’s rules: determines the correct initiation AUG in a eukaryotic mRNA; the following consensus sequence must appear around the AUG: 5’-GCC(purine)CCAUGG-3’; the bolded bases are most important

nonsense codon: one of the three mRNA codons that specifies termination of translation

peptidyl transferase: RNA-based enzyme that is integrated into the 50S ribosomal subunit and catalyzes the formation of peptide bonds

polysome: mRNA molecule simultaneously being translated by many ribosomes all going in the same direction

reading frame: sequence of triplet codons in mRNA that specify a particular protein; a ribosome shift of one or two nucleotides in either direction completely abolishes synthesis of that protein

rho-dependent termination: in prokaryotes, termination of transcription by an interaction between RNA polymerase and the rho protein at a run of G nucleotides on the DNA template

Shine-Dalgarno sequence: (AGGAGG); initiates prokaryotic translation by interacting with rRNA molecules comprising the 30S ribosome

signal sequence: short tail of amino acids that directs a protein to a specific cellular compartment

start codon: AUG (or rarely, GUG) on an mRNA from which translation begins; always specifies methionine

template strand: strand of DNA that specifies the complementary mRNA molecule

transcription bubble: region of locally unwound DNA that allows for transcription of mRNA

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