6.4: Key Terms
- Page ID
- 131549
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- alpha-helix structure (α-helix)
- type of secondary protein structure formed by folding the polypeptide into a helix shape with hydrogen bonds stabilizing the structure
- amino acid
- a protein's monomer; has a central carbon or alpha carbon to which an amino group, a carboxyl group, a hydrogen, and an R group or side chain is attached; the R group is different for all 20 common amino acids
- beta-pleated sheet (β-pleated)
- secondary structure in proteins in which hydrogen bonding forms “pleats” between atoms on the polypeptide chain's backbone
- biological macromolecule
- large molecule necessary for life that is built from smaller organic molecules
- chaperone
- (also, chaperonin) protein that helps nascent protein in the folding process
- dehydration synthesis
- (also, condensation) reaction that links monomer molecules, releasing a water molecule for each bond formed
- denaturation
- loss of shape in a protein as a result of changes in temperature, pH, or chemical exposure
- deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
- double-helical molecule that carries the cell's hereditary information
- enzyme
- catalyst in a biochemical reaction that is usually a complex or conjugated protein
- messenger RNA (mRNA)
- RNA that carries information from DNA to ribosomes during protein synthesis
- monomer
- smallest unit of larger molecules that are polymers
- nucleic acid
- biological macromolecule that carries the cell's genetic blueprint and carries instructions for the cell's functioning
- nucleotide
- monomer of nucleic acids; contains a pentose sugar, one or more phosphate groups, and a nitrogenous base
- peptide bond
- bond formed between two amino acids by a dehydration reaction
- phosphodiester
- linkage covalent chemical bond that holds together the polynucleotide chains with a phosphate group linking neighboring nucleotides' two pentose sugars
- polymer
- chain of monomer residues that covalent bonds link; polymerization is the process of polymer formation from monomers by condensation
- polynucleotide
- long chain of nucleotides
- polypeptide
- long chain of amino acids that peptide bonds link
- polysaccharide
- long chain of monosaccharides; may be branched or unbranched
- primary structure
- linear sequence of amino acids in a protein
- protein
- biological macromolecule comprised of one or more amino acid chains
- purine
- type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; adenine and guanine are purines
- pyrimidine
- type of nitrogenous base in DNA and RNA; cytosine, thymine, and uracil are pyrimidines
- quaternary structure
- association of discrete polypeptide subunits in a protein
- ribonucleic acid (RNA)
- single-stranded, often internally base paired, molecule that is involved in protein synthesis
- ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
- RNA that ensures the proper alignment of the mRNA and the ribosomes during protein synthesis and catalyzes forming the peptide linkage
- secondary structure
- regular structure that proteins form by intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the oxygen atom of one amino acid residue and the hydrogen attached to the nitrogen atom of another amino acid residue
- tertiary structure
- a protein's three-dimensional conformation, including interactions between secondary structural elements; formed from interactions between amino acid side chains
- transcription
- process through which messenger RNA forms on a template of DNA
- transfer RNA (tRNA)
- RNA that carries activated amino acids to the site of protein synthesis on the ribosome
- translation
- process through which RNA directs the protein's formation
- triacylglycerol (also, triglyceride)
- fat molecule; consists of three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule
- unsaturated fatty acid
- long-chain hydrocarbon that has one or more double bonds in the hydrocarbon chain