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3.4: Key Terms

Last updated

Aug 20, 2024
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- 3.3: Buffers, pH, Acids, and Bases
- 3.5: Water Summary

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acid: molecule that donates hydrogen ions and increases the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution

adhesion: attraction between water molecules and other molecules

anion: negative ion that is formed by an atom gaining one or more electrons

base: molecule that donates hydroxide ions or otherwise binds excess hydrogen ions and decreases the hydrogen ions' concentration in a solution

buffer: substance that resists a change in pH by absorbing or releasing hydrogen or hydroxide ions

capillary action: occurs because water molecules are attracted to charges on the inner surfaces of narrow tubular structures such as glass tubes, drawing the water molecules to the tubes' sides

cation: positive ion that is formed by an atom losing one or more electrons

cohesion: intermolecular forces between water molecules caused by the polar nature of water; responsible for surface tension

dissociation: release of an ion from a molecule such that the original molecule now consists of an ion and the charged remains of the original, such as when water dissociates into H⁺ and OH^-

electrolyte: ion necessary for nerve impulse conduction, muscle contractions, and water balance

electronegativity: ability of some elements to attract electrons (often of hydrogen atoms), acquiring partial negative charges in molecules and creating partial positive charges on the hydrogen atoms

equilibrium: steady state of relative reactant and product concentration in reversible chemical reactions in a closed system

evaporation: change from liquid to gaseous state at a body of water's surface, plant leaves, or an organism's skin

heat of vaporization of water: high amount of energy required for liquid water to turn into water vapor

hydrogen bond: weak bond between slightly positively charged hydrogen atoms and slightly negatively charged atoms in other molecules

hydrophilic: describes ions or polar molecules that interact well with other polar molecules such as water

hydrophobic: describes uncharged nonpolar molecules that do not interact well with polar molecules such as water

ion: atom or chemical group that does not contain equal numbers of protons and electrons

ionic bond: chemical bond that forms between ions with opposite charges (cations and anions)

litmus paper: (also, pH paper) filter paper treated with a natural water-soluble dye that changes its color as the pH of the environment changes in order to use it as a pH indicator

molecule: two or more atoms chemically bonded together

neutron: uncharged particle that resides in an atom's nucleus; has a mass of one amu

nonpolar covalent bond: type of covalent bond that forms between atoms when electrons are shared equally between them

pH scale: scale ranging from zero to 14 that is inversely proportional to the hydrogen ions' concentration in a solution

polar covalent bond: type of covalent bond that forms as a result of unequal electron sharing, resulting in creating slightly positive and negative charged molecule regions

solvent: substance capable of dissolving another substance

specific heat capacity: the amount of heat one gram of a substance must absorb or lose to change its temperature by one degree Celsius

sphere of hydration: when a polar water molecule surrounds charged or polar molecules thus keeping them dissolved and in solution

surface tension: tension at the surface of a body of liquid that prevents the molecules from separating; created by the attractive cohesive forces between the liquid's molecules

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