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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.01%3A_Geochemistry_(Lower)/2.1.02%3A_The_HydrosphereWater is the most abundant substance at the earth’s surface. Almost all of it is in the oceans, which cover 70% of the surface area of the earth. However, the amounts of water present in the atmospher...Water is the most abundant substance at the earth’s surface. Almost all of it is in the oceans, which cover 70% of the surface area of the earth. However, the amounts of water present in the atmosphere and on land (as surface runoff, lakes and streams) is great enough to make it a significant agent in transporting substances between the lithosphere and the oceans.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.01%3A_Geochemistry_(Lower)/2.1.02%3A_The_Hydrosphere/2.1.2.04%3A_Chemical_budgets_of_oceanic_elementsCarbon enters the ocean from both the atmosphere (as CO 2 ) and river water, in which the principal species is HCO 3 – . Once in solution, the carbonate species are in equilibrium with each other and ...Carbon enters the ocean from both the atmosphere (as CO 2 ) and river water, in which the principal species is HCO 3 – . Once in solution, the carbonate species are in equilibrium with each other and with H 3 O + , and the concentrations of all of these are influenced by the partial pressure of atmospheric CO 2 . The mass budget for calcium is linked to that of carbon through solubility equilibria with the various solid forms of CaCO 3 (mainly calcite).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.01%3A_Geochemistry_(Lower)/2.1.02%3A_The_Hydrosphere/2.1.2.03%3A_Chemistry_and_geochemistry_of_the_oceansThe CO 2 and volcanic gases in rainwater react with this material to form a solution of the metal ion and HCO 3 – , in which is suspended some hydrated SiO 2 . The solid material left behind is a clay...The CO 2 and volcanic gases in rainwater react with this material to form a solution of the metal ion and HCO 3 – , in which is suspended some hydrated SiO 2 . The solid material left behind is a clay such as kaolinite, Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 . This first forms as a friable coating on the surface of the weathered rock; later it becomes a soil material, then an alluvial deposit, and finally it may reach the sea as a suspended sediment.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.02%3A_Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/2.2.02%3A_Aquatic_Chemistry/2.2.2.04%3A_4._Solids_in_Contact_With_Natural_Watershttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/pdf/c3solids.pdf
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.01%3A_Geochemistry_(Lower)/2.1.01%3A_The_Earth_and_its_Lithosphere/2.1.1.01%3A_Composition_and_Structure_of_the_EarthHydrogen is the least thermodynamically stable of the elements, and at very high temperatures will combine with itself in a reaction known as nuclear fusion to form the next element, 2 He 4 . "Heavier...Hydrogen is the least thermodynamically stable of the elements, and at very high temperatures will combine with itself in a reaction known as nuclear fusion to form the next element, 2 He 4 . "Heavier" nuclei (that is , those having high atomic numbers, indicated here by the subscript preceding the element symbol), are more stable than "lighter" ones, so this fusion process can continue up to 56 Fe, which is the most energetically stable of all the nuclides.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.01%3A_Geochemistry_(Lower)/2.1.04%3A_The_Biosphere/2.1.4.02%3A_Biogeochemical_EvolutionPresent evidence suggests that blue-green algae, and possibly other primitive microbial forms of life, were flourishing 3 billion years ago. This brackets the origin of life to within one billion year...Present evidence suggests that blue-green algae, and possibly other primitive microbial forms of life, were flourishing 3 billion years ago. This brackets the origin of life to within one billion years; prior to 4 billion years ago, surface temperatures were probably above the melting point of iron, and there was no atmosphere nor hydrosphere.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.01%3A_Geochemistry_(Lower)/2.1.03%3A_The_Atmosphere/2.1.3.01%3A_Structure_and_Composition_of_the_AtmosphereThe atmosphere acts as a compressible fluid tied to the earth by gravitation; as a receptor of solar energy and a thermal reservoir, it constitutes the working fluid of a heat engine that transports a...The atmosphere acts as a compressible fluid tied to the earth by gravitation; as a receptor of solar energy and a thermal reservoir, it constitutes the working fluid of a heat engine that transports and redistributes matter and energy over the entire globe. The atmosphere is also a major temporary repository of a number of chemical elements that move in a cyclic manner between the hydrosphere, atmosphere, and the upper lithosphere.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.01%3A_Geochemistry_(Lower)/2.1.01%3A_The_Earth_and_its_Lithosphere/2.1.1.03%3A_Formation_and_evolution_of_the_EarthThe solar system is believed to have formed about 5 billion years ago as a result of aggregation of cosmic dust and interstellar atoms in a region of space in which the density of such material happen...The solar system is believed to have formed about 5 billion years ago as a result of aggregation of cosmic dust and interstellar atoms in a region of space in which the density of such material happened to be greater than average. Over 99.8% of this mass, which consisted mostly of hydrogen, collapsed into a proto-sun; the gravitational energy released in this process raised the temperature sufficiently to initiate the hydrogen fusion reactions discussed above.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.02%3A_Supplemental_Modules_(Environmental_Chemistry)/2.2.02%3A_Aquatic_Chemistry/2.2.2.03%3A_3._Redox_Equilibria_in_Natural_Watershttp://www.chem1.com/acad/webtext/pdf/c3redox.pdf Back to Advanced Aquatic Chemistry Back to chem1 (Stephen Lower/Simon Frasier University)
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.01%3A_Geochemistry_(Lower)/2.1.02%3A_The_Hydrosphere/2.1.2.01%3A_Water_Water_Everywhere...The CO 2 and volcanic gases in rainwater react with this material to form a solution of the metal ion and HCO 3 – , in which is suspended some hydrated SiO 2 . The solid material left behind is a clay...The CO 2 and volcanic gases in rainwater react with this material to form a solution of the metal ion and HCO 3 – , in which is suspended some hydrated SiO 2 . The solid material left behind is a clay such as kaolinite, Al 2 Si 2 O 5 (OH) 4 . This first forms as a friable coating on the surface of the weathered rock; later it becomes a soil material, then an alluvial deposit, and finally it may reach the sea as a suspended sediment.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/ENVS_C100%3A_Environmental_Science_(Hoerer)/02%3A_Environmental_Chemistry/2.01%3A_Geochemistry_(Lower)/2.1.03%3A_The_AtmosphereLife as we know it on the Earth is entirely dependent on the tenuous layer of gas that clings to the surface of the globe, adding about 1% to its diameter and an insignificant amount to its total mass...Life as we know it on the Earth is entirely dependent on the tenuous layer of gas that clings to the surface of the globe, adding about 1% to its diameter and an insignificant amount to its total mass. And yet the atmosphere serves as the earth’s window and protective shield, as a medium for the transport of heat and water, and as source and sink for exchange of carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen with the biosphere.
