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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/20%3A_General_Science/20.02%3A_Types_of_Clinical_StudiesThis page discusses the research methods in medicine for developing new drugs and procedures, highlighting the importance of validating improvements through various study types. It contrasts retrospec...This page discusses the research methods in medicine for developing new drugs and procedures, highlighting the importance of validating improvements through various study types. It contrasts retrospective studies—which may introduce bias—with prospective studies that follow healthy populations. Clinical trials are emphasized as the gold standard due to their randomization and blinding, which help alleviate bias.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/04%3A_Cell_Metabolism/4.06%3A_ATP_SynthaseThis page discusses ATP synthase, an enzyme complex in mitochondria responsible for ATP synthesis using proton gradients. It has two components: Fo (membrane-embedded) and F1-ATPase (in the matrix), c...This page discusses ATP synthase, an enzyme complex in mitochondria responsible for ATP synthesis using proton gradients. It has two components: Fo (membrane-embedded) and F1-ATPase (in the matrix), capable of producing over 100 ATP molecules per second. Additionally, it can convert mechanical energy into chemical energy, synthesizing ATP from ADP and Pi at a rate of about 5 ATP molecules per second through rotation, as demonstrated in research using magnetic beads and a rotating magnetic field.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/19%3A_The_Diversity_of_Life/19.02%3A_Microbes/19.2E%3A_AnthraxThis page discusses anthrax, a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, affecting both livestock and humans through spore inhalation. The severity is linked to bacterial toxins, but early antibiotic trea...This page discusses anthrax, a disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, affecting both livestock and humans through spore inhalation. The severity is linked to bacterial toxins, but early antibiotic treatment and antitoxin antibodies can be effective. Research suggests mutant forms of protective antigens may serve as potential vaccines and treatments. The existing vaccine uses a weakened strain of the bacteria, and genetic variation among anthrax strains aids in outbreak tracking.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/20%3A_General_Science/20.03%3A_Scientific_MethodsThis page discusses the principles of scientific inquiry, such as skepticism and reproducibility, and emphasizes the role of hypotheses in scientific explanations. It highlights the communal nature of...This page discusses the principles of scientific inquiry, such as skepticism and reproducibility, and emphasizes the role of hypotheses in scientific explanations. It highlights the communal nature of science, where discoveries are built on previous work, and distinguishes between basic and applied science. Additionally, the page addresses challenges related to reproducibility and ethical conduct, noting science's ability to self-correct despite the infrequency of fraud.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/20%3A_General_Science/20.04%3A_Scientific_PapersThis page emphasizes the importance of communal collaboration in science, where findings are shared among scientists. Key aspects of effective communication include meetings and published papers, whic...This page emphasizes the importance of communal collaboration in science, where findings are shared among scientists. Key aspects of effective communication include meetings and published papers, which serve as a permanent record. Typical sections of scientific papers—abstract, introduction, results, discussion, materials and methods, acknowledgments, and references—each contribute significantly to knowledge dissemination and uphold rigorous scientific standards.
