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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/19%3A_The_Diversity_of_Life/19.01%3A_Eukaryotic_Life/19.1.15%3A_MonotremesThis page discusses monotremes, a unique group of mammals including the duckbill platypus and spiny anteaters, which exhibit both mammalian and reptilian traits. They have a cloaca, lay shelled eggs, ...This page discusses monotremes, a unique group of mammals including the duckbill platypus and spiny anteaters, which exhibit both mammalian and reptilian traits. They have a cloaca, lay shelled eggs, and nurse with milk lacking nipples. Recent genomic research has revealed the platypus possesses 18,527 protein-coding genes, showcasing a mix of characteristics from mammals and reptiles, including genes for egg yolk proteins, numerous underwater hunting receptors, and unique venom-producing genes.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/19%3A_The_Diversity_of_Life/19.01%3A_Eukaryotic_Life/19.1.13%3A_VertebratesThis page outlines the evolutionary stages of chordates, emphasizing the pharyngula stage in embryos and the classification of craniates into vertebrates and invertebrates. It details the characterist...This page outlines the evolutionary stages of chordates, emphasizing the pharyngula stage in embryos and the classification of craniates into vertebrates and invertebrates. It details the characteristics and adaptations of jawless and jawed fishes, amphibians, and the evolution of amniotes.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/15%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/15.07%3A_Sexual_Reproduction/15.7E%3A_Extraembryonic_Membranes_and_the_Physiology_of_the_PlacentaThis page discusses embryo development in reptiles, birds, and mammals, focusing on four extraembryonic membranes: amnion, yolk sac, chorion, and allantois, which support the embryo. It categorizes ma...This page discusses embryo development in reptiles, birds, and mammals, focusing on four extraembryonic membranes: amnion, yolk sac, chorion, and allantois, which support the embryo. It categorizes mammals into monotremes, marsupials, and placental mammals, highlighting that humans belong to the placental group, where the placenta connects the embryo to the mother.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/15%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/15.02%3A_Gas_Exchange/15.2C%3A_Vertebrate_LungsThis page discusses how various terrestrial vertebrates, including amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, utilize lungs for gas exchange. Frogs can also exchange gases through their skin. Reptiles ...This page discusses how various terrestrial vertebrates, including amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals, utilize lungs for gas exchange. Frogs can also exchange gases through their skin. Reptiles have efficient lungs tied to rib cage movement, while birds possess specialized lungs with air sacs for enhanced ventilation. Mammals utilize diaphragm-assisted ventilation to optimize gas exchange.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/15%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/15.05%3A_Excretion/15.5B%3A_Vertebrate_KidneysThis page discusses the structural and functional variations of vertebrate kidneys adapted to environmental needs. Freshwater vertebrates excrete excess water for homeostasis, while amphibians adjust ...This page discusses the structural and functional variations of vertebrate kidneys adapted to environmental needs. Freshwater vertebrates excrete excess water for homeostasis, while amphibians adjust filtration for water conservation. Reptiles and birds convert nitrogen wastes to uric acid for reduced water loss, whereas mammals primarily excrete urea with varied efficiency.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/15%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/15.06%3A_Hormones/15.6.01%3A_Human_Hormones/15.6.1.13%3A_Melanocyte_Stimulating_Hormone_(MSH)This page discusses melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and its role in melanin production and skin pigmentation, including moles and freckles. Produced in the pituitary gland, α-MSH promotes tanning...This page discusses melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) and its role in melanin production and skin pigmentation, including moles and freckles. Produced in the pituitary gland, α-MSH promotes tanning in response to UV light and has appetite-suppressing properties, which, when dysfunctional, can contribute to obesity. Additionally, synthetic MSH variants are explored for tanning effects with lower UV risk and potential applications in treating impotence.
