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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/04%3A_Cell_Metabolism/4.14%3A_Secondary_MessengersThis page explains the role of second messengers in cellular signaling, highlighting their importance in transmitting signals from cell receptors to target sites. It identifies the main classes of sec...This page explains the role of second messengers in cellular signaling, highlighting their importance in transmitting signals from cell receptors to target sites. It identifies the main classes of second messengers: cyclic nucleotides, inositol trisphosphate, diacylglycerol, and calcium ions.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/15%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/15.09%3A_Senses/15.9F%3A_Heat_Cold_and_Pain_ReceptorsThis page explains how specific sensory neurons and their receptors detect heat, cold, and pain, detailing the roles of Aδ, C, and Aβ fibers in transmitting pain signals. It discusses various ion chan...This page explains how specific sensory neurons and their receptors detect heat, cold, and pain, detailing the roles of Aδ, C, and Aβ fibers in transmitting pain signals. It discusses various ion channels involved in temperature response and categorizes pain types—nociceptive, neuropathic, and visceral. Treatments like NSAIDs and opioids are examined, focusing on their mechanisms, effectiveness, and risks associated with opioid addiction and tolerance.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/13%3A_Cancer_Genetics/13.05%3A_OncogenesGenes that are a part of the normal regulation of cell division, but which after mutation contribute to cancer, are called proto-oncogenes. Once a proto-oncogene has been abnormally activated by mutat...Genes that are a part of the normal regulation of cell division, but which after mutation contribute to cancer, are called proto-oncogenes. Once a proto-oncogene has been abnormally activated by mutation, it is called an oncogene. More than 100 genes have been defined as proto-oncogenes. These include genes at almost every step of the signaling pathways that normally induce cell to divide, including growth factors, receptors, signal transducers, and transcription factors.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/09%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression/9.04%3A_Steroid_Response_ElementsThis page presents a stereoscopic view of the glucocorticoid response element and its receptor, focusing on the structural features of DNA and the glucocorticoid receptor, a zinc-finger transcription ...This page presents a stereoscopic view of the glucocorticoid response element and its receptor, focusing on the structural features of DNA and the glucocorticoid receptor, a zinc-finger transcription factor important for gene regulation.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/15%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/15.06%3A_Hormones/15.6.01%3A_Human_HormonesThis page discusses the essential role of cell communication in multicellularity, highlighting three types of signaling: autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine. Hormones, which can be proteins/peptides o...This page discusses the essential role of cell communication in multicellularity, highlighting three types of signaling: autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine. Hormones, which can be proteins/peptides or steroids, interact with target cells to induce responses. Protein hormones use second messengers, while steroid hormones affect gene expression directly.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/15%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/15.09%3A_Senses/15.9G%3A_TasteThis page explores the taste system, detailing five primary taste sensations—salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami. It explains that taste buds contain various cells responsive to these tastes, with s...This page explores the taste system, detailing five primary taste sensations—salty, sour, sweet, bitter, and umami. It explains that taste buds contain various cells responsive to these tastes, with specific receptors activating sensory neurons through distinct mechanisms: ion channels for salty, proton detection for sour, and G-protein-coupled receptors for sweet and bitter.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/15%3A_The_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/15.09%3A_Senses/15.9J%3A_MagnetoreceptorsThis page discusses how various animals, like birds, sea turtles, and honeybees, can adapt their behavior based on the Earth's magnetic field. Examples include homing pigeons getting disoriented by ma...This page discusses how various animals, like birds, sea turtles, and honeybees, can adapt their behavior based on the Earth's magnetic field. Examples include homing pigeons getting disoriented by magnets and woodmice affected by reversed fields. Research shows thrush nightingales gain weight when exposed to specific magnetic conditions. While receptors such as magnetite and cryptochrome may play a role, their mechanisms are still unclear.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_102_Laboratory_Manual%3A_Biology_of_Plants_and_Animals_(Ray_and_Jones)/01%3A_Chapters/1.07%3A_Chapter_7This page explores sensory receptors and their roles in maintaining homeostasis through traditional senses, detailing eye anatomy and tests for visual acuity, color blindness, and more. It covers ear ...This page explores sensory receptors and their roles in maintaining homeostasis through traditional senses, detailing eye anatomy and tests for visual acuity, color blindness, and more. It covers ear anatomy related to hearing and balance, and includes activities for understanding sound perception. The olfactory and gustatory systems are addressed with practical exercises to identify scents and tastes, highlighting the connection between taste and smell.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/01%3A_Unit_I-_Structure_and_Catalysis/11%3A_Biological_Membranes_and_Transport/11.02%3A_Diffusion_Across_a_Membrane_-_Passive_and_Facilitated_DiffusionThis page covers the fundamentals of diffusion across membranes, focusing on passive and facilitated diffusion, as well as active transport. It explains the principles of passive diffusion, including ...This page covers the fundamentals of diffusion across membranes, focusing on passive and facilitated diffusion, as well as active transport. It explains the principles of passive diffusion, including Fick's first law, and how it is influenced by factors like concentration gradients and the properties of the lipid bilayer.
