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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/General_Ecology_Ecology/Chapter_2%3A_The_Physical_Environment/2.5%3A_Earth's_Energy_BalanceEarth’s temperature depends on the balance between energy entering and leaving the planet. When incoming energy from the sun is absorbed, Earth warms. When energy is released from Earth into space, th...Earth’s temperature depends on the balance between energy entering and leaving the planet. When incoming energy from the sun is absorbed, Earth warms. When energy is released from Earth into space, the planet cools. Many factors, both natural and human, can cause changes in Earth’s energy balance, including changes in greenhouse gasses; variations in the sun’s energy reaching Earth; and changes in the reflectivity of Earth’s atmosphere and surface.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/13%3A_Cancer_Genetics/13.04%3A_Mutagens_and_CarcinogensThis page discusses carcinogens, which are agents that increase cancer incidence, predominantly through mutagenic effects. It highlights HPV as a biological carcinogen linked to cervical cancer via on...This page discusses carcinogens, which are agents that increase cancer incidence, predominantly through mutagenic effects. It highlights HPV as a biological carcinogen linked to cervical cancer via oncogenes (E6, E7), and details ionizing radiation as a physical carcinogen damaging DNA. Additionally, it covers chemical carcinogens that require metabolism for effectiveness. Overall, reducing exposure to known carcinogens is emphasized as a method to lower cancer risk.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/12%3A_Cancer/12.11%3A_Estimating_Cancer_RisksThis page discusses the complex relationship between dose and response for mutagens and carcinogens, indicating that low doses may have no effect or even reduce cancer risk, contradicting the linear n...This page discusses the complex relationship between dose and response for mutagens and carcinogens, indicating that low doses may have no effect or even reduce cancer risk, contradicting the linear no-threshold model. Evidence varies regarding cancer incidence linked to radiation exposure, with some areas showing high background radiation without increased cancer rates.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/10%3A_MutationThis page discusses DNA mutations resulting from replication errors and defective repair mechanisms. It highlights the Ames test for detecting mutagenic chemicals in organisms, the impact of ionizing ...This page discusses DNA mutations resulting from replication errors and defective repair mechanisms. It highlights the Ames test for detecting mutagenic chemicals in organisms, the impact of ionizing radiation on DNA, and the role of transposons (or "jumping genes") in generating mutations by relocating within the genome.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/24%3A_Human_Impact_on_Global_Climate/24.01%3A_Anthropogenic_Climate_ChangeWhen sea ice melts, as it has done in the Arctic Ocean at a disturbing rate over the past decade, the albedo of the area affected changes dramatically, from around 80% down to less than 10%. This is a...When sea ice melts, as it has done in the Arctic Ocean at a disturbing rate over the past decade, the albedo of the area affected changes dramatically, from around 80% down to less than 10%. This is a positive feedback because much more solar energy is absorbed by the water than by the pre-existing ice, and the temperature increase is amplified.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Gettysburg_College/01%3A_Ecology_for_All/02%3A_The_Physical_Environment/2.05%3A_Earth's_Energy_BalanceEarth’s temperature depends on the balance between energy entering and leaving the planet. When incoming energy from the sun is absorbed, Earth warms. When energy is released from Earth into space, th...Earth’s temperature depends on the balance between energy entering and leaving the planet. When incoming energy from the sun is absorbed, Earth warms. When energy is released from Earth into space, the planet cools. Many factors, both natural and human, can cause changes in Earth’s energy balance, including changes in greenhouse gasses; variations in the sun’s energy reaching Earth; and changes in the reflectivity of Earth’s atmosphere and surface.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/12%3A_Cancer/12.09%3A_Immunotherapy_of_cancerThis page discusses advancements in cancer treatment, emphasizing targeted therapies that utilize the immune system to minimize damage to healthy cells. Key strategies include immunostimulants, monocl...This page discusses advancements in cancer treatment, emphasizing targeted therapies that utilize the immune system to minimize damage to healthy cells. Key strategies include immunostimulants, monoclonal antibodies, and adoptive cell therapy, particularly using T cells. Successful treatments for melanoma and B-cell lymphomas are highlighted, alongside patient-specific vaccines.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/10%3A_Mutation/10.03%3A_Radiation_and_its_effect_on_DNAThis page explores significant radiation types for biologists, focusing on ionizing radiation's effects on DNA. It covers measurement units such as rad, rem, and their transitions to gray (Gy) and sie...This page explores significant radiation types for biologists, focusing on ionizing radiation's effects on DNA. It covers measurement units such as rad, rem, and their transitions to gray (Gy) and sievert (Sv). A table presents typical radiation doses in millisieverts (mSv) from various sources and outlines average annual U.S. radiation exposure, emphasizing background radiation from cosmic, soil, and bodily sources.
