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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Principles_of_Biology/02%3A_Chapter_2/15%3A_Protein_Synthesis/15.05%3A_TranslationEach mRNA molecule can be simultaneously translated by many ribosomes, all synthesizing protein in the same direction: reading the mRNA from 5′ to 3′ and synthesizing the polypeptide from the N termin...Each mRNA molecule can be simultaneously translated by many ribosomes, all synthesizing protein in the same direction: reading the mRNA from 5′ to 3′ and synthesizing the polypeptide from the N terminus to the C terminus (refer to Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) – the N terminus is the end of the amino acid with the Nitrogen; the C terminus is the end with the Carbon).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/02%3A_The_Molecules_of_Life/2.08%3A_EnantiomersThis page explains the tetrahedral arrangement of carbon atoms forming four covalent bonds, exemplified by methane. It discusses how the presence of different groups around carbon can lead to enantiom...This page explains the tetrahedral arrangement of carbon atoms forming four covalent bonds, exemplified by methane. It discusses how the presence of different groups around carbon can lead to enantiomers, using alanine as an example of L- and D- formations, emphasizing the predominance of L amino acids in protein synthesis. Chirality's importance is highlighted, noting that a protein's functionality depends on its shape.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/03%3A_The_Cellular_Basis_of_Life/3.05%3A_Endoplasmic_ReticulumThis page discusses the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a membrane-bound structure essential for producing cell membranes, lipids, and proteins. It features two types: rough ER (RER), which is involved in...This page discusses the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), a membrane-bound structure essential for producing cell membranes, lipids, and proteins. It features two types: rough ER (RER), which is involved in protein synthesis due to its ribosome presence, and smooth ER (SER), which specializes in lipid production and protein transport to the Golgi apparatus. SER is particularly significant in specific cells, such as those in the adrenal glands and liver.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/09%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression/9.06%3A_Visualization_of_Transcription_and_Translation_in_BacteriaThis page describes an electron micrograph illustrating simultaneous transcription and translation in E. coli, highlighting polysomes formed by mRNA and ribosomes on the chromosome. It explains that R...This page describes an electron micrograph illustrating simultaneous transcription and translation in E. coli, highlighting polysomes formed by mRNA and ribosomes on the chromosome. It explains that RNA polymerase is responsible for transcription, while ribosomes carry out translation. This simultaneous coordination in bacteria contrasts with eukaryotes, where these processes occur separately in the nucleus and cytosol.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/03%3A_Unit_III-_Information_Pathway/26%3A_Protein_Metabolism/26.02%3A_Protein_SynthesisThe page provides an in-depth overview of the translation process in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Key learning goals include understanding the central role of translation in gene expression,...The page provides an in-depth overview of the translation process in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Key learning goals include understanding the central role of translation in gene expression, comprehending the molecular machinery involved, outlining the stages of translation (initiation, elongation, termination), analyzing the energetics and fidelity of protein synthesis, and comparing the translation mechanisms in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/Unit_IV_-_Special_Topics/28%3A_Biosignaling_-_Capstone_Volume_I/28.12%3A_mTOR_and_Nutrient_SignalingThe page on "mTOR and Nutrient Signaling" for biochemistry majors outlines learning goals to understand the role of mTOR as a regulator of cell growth and metabolism. Key areas include understanding t...The page on "mTOR and Nutrient Signaling" for biochemistry majors outlines learning goals to understand the role of mTOR as a regulator of cell growth and metabolism. Key areas include understanding the structure and function of mTOR complexes (mTORC1 and mTORC2), the upstream nutrient signals affecting mTOR activity, and the downstream cellular outcomes.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/Bio_11A_-_Introduction_to_Biology_I/20%3A_Translation/20.02%3A_Basics_of_TranslationEach mRNA molecule can be simultaneously translated by many ribosomes, all synthesizing protein in the same direction: reading the mRNA from 5′ to 3′ and synthesizing the polypeptide from the N termin...Each mRNA molecule can be simultaneously translated by many ribosomes, all synthesizing protein in the same direction: reading the mRNA from 5′ to 3′ and synthesizing the polypeptide from the N terminus to the C terminus (refer to Figure \(\PageIndex{1}\) – the N terminus is the end of the amino acid with the Nitrogen; the C terminus is the end with the Carbon).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/01%3A_Unit_I-_Structure_and_Catalysis/01%3A_The_Foundations_of_Biochemistry/1.01%3A_Cellular_FoundationsThe page introduces biochemistry fundamentals from a chemical perspective, focusing on key cellular components and their chemical processes. It outlines the basic structure of prokaryotic and eukaryot...The page introduces biochemistry fundamentals from a chemical perspective, focusing on key cellular components and their chemical processes. It outlines the basic structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, highlighting the importance of genetic material, ribosomes, and the lipid bilayer. The text delves into the four classes of biomolecules including lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and carbohydrates, and their roles in cellular metabolism.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/06%3A_Gene_Expression/6.04%3A_The_Translation_of_RNA_into_ProteinsThis page covers the structure and role of alanine transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis, detailing its helical regions, anticodons, and the translation process, which includes initiation, elongati...This page covers the structure and role of alanine transfer RNA (tRNA) in protein synthesis, detailing its helical regions, anticodons, and the translation process, which includes initiation, elongation, and termination. It emphasizes the concept of codon bias, which affects protein synthesis efficiency, and addresses issues like premature termination codons (PTCs) and nonstop transcripts.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/19%3A_The_Diversity_of_Life/19.02%3A_Microbes/19.2C%3A_AntibioticsThis page discusses the mechanisms of various antibiotics in combating bacterial infections by targeting processes like DNA replication and cell wall synthesis. It highlights concerns over antibiotic ...This page discusses the mechanisms of various antibiotics in combating bacterial infections by targeting processes like DNA replication and cell wall synthesis. It highlights concerns over antibiotic resistance due to bacterial mutations, stressing the need for continuous development of new antibiotics. The summarized content mentions different classes of antibiotics, including polymixin E and lipopeptides, and suggests strategies to mitigate rising multidrug-resistant bacterial strains.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/03%3A_Unit_III-_Information_Pathway/26%3A_Protein_Metabolism/26.03%3A_Translational_Regulation_and_Protein_DegradationThis page provides an extensive overview of the regulation of translation and protein degradation, focusing on translational regulation, ribosome structure heterogeneity, mRNA sequences, nascent pepti...This page provides an extensive overview of the regulation of translation and protein degradation, focusing on translational regulation, ribosome structure heterogeneity, mRNA sequences, nascent peptide effects, and the proteasome system.
