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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/North_Central_State_College/BIOL_1550%3A_Microbiology_(2025)/14%3A_Horizontal_Gene_Transfer_and_Operons/14.01%3A_MutationsA mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenot...A mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenotype most commonly observed in nature. A change in the DNA sequence is conferred to mRNA through transcription, and may lead to an altered amino acid sequence in a protein on translation.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Sacramento_City_College/BIOL_440%3A_General_Microbiology_(Hughes)/08%3A_Week_8/13%3A_Mechanisms_of_Microbial_Genetics_(Part_B)/13.01%3A_MutationsA mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenot...A mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenotype most commonly observed in nature. A change in the DNA sequence is conferred to mRNA through transcription, and may lead to an altered amino acid sequence in a protein on translation.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/13%3A_Cancer_Genetics/13.04%3A_Mutagens_and_CarcinogensThis page discusses carcinogens, which are agents that increase cancer incidence, predominantly through mutagenic effects. It highlights HPV as a biological carcinogen linked to cervical cancer via on...This page discusses carcinogens, which are agents that increase cancer incidence, predominantly through mutagenic effects. It highlights HPV as a biological carcinogen linked to cervical cancer via oncogenes (E6, E7), and details ionizing radiation as a physical carcinogen damaging DNA. Additionally, it covers chemical carcinogens that require metabolism for effectiveness. Overall, reducing exposure to known carcinogens is emphasized as a method to lower cancer risk.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/09%3A_Mutation_and_Variation/9.S%3A_Mutation_and_Variation_(Summary)This page discusses the differences between mutations and polymorphisms in DNA, noting that mutations are rare and can occur spontaneously or due to mutagens, while polymorphisms coexist within popula...This page discusses the differences between mutations and polymorphisms in DNA, noting that mutations are rare and can occur spontaneously or due to mutagens, while polymorphisms coexist within populations. It highlights the impact of mutations on gene function, the importance of identifying linked genes through phenotype screening, and the role of transposable elements in evolution.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/12%3A_Cancer/12.11%3A_Estimating_Cancer_RisksThis page discusses the complex relationship between dose and response for mutagens and carcinogens, indicating that low doses may have no effect or even reduce cancer risk, contradicting the linear n...This page discusses the complex relationship between dose and response for mutagens and carcinogens, indicating that low doses may have no effect or even reduce cancer risk, contradicting the linear no-threshold model. Evidence varies regarding cancer incidence linked to radiation exposure, with some areas showing high background radiation without increased cancer rates.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Microbiology_OER_-_Ying_Liu/14%3A_Horizontal_Gene_Transfer_and_Operons/14.01%3A_MutationsA mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenot...A mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenotype most commonly observed in nature. A change in the DNA sequence is conferred to mRNA through transcription, and may lead to an altered amino acid sequence in a protein on translation.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Microbiology/Microbiology_(OpenStax)/11%3A_Mechanisms_of_Microbial_Genetics/11.05%3A_MutationsA mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenot...A mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenotype most commonly observed in nature. A change in the DNA sequence is conferred to mRNA through transcription, and may lead to an altered amino acid sequence in a protein on translation.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Prince_Georges_Community_College/PGCC_Microbiology/09%3A_Microbial_Genetics/9.05%3A_MutationsA mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenot...A mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenotype most commonly observed in nature. A change in the DNA sequence is conferred to mRNA through transcription, and may lead to an altered amino acid sequence in a protein on translation.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Portland_Community_College/Cascade_Microbiology/09%3A_Mechanisms_of_Microbial_Genetics/9.5%3A_MutationsA mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenot...A mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenotype most commonly observed in nature. A change in the DNA sequence is conferred to mRNA through transcription, and may lead to an altered amino acid sequence in a protein on translation.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Mansfield_University_of_Pennsylvania/BSC_3271%3A_Microbiology_for_Health_Sciences_Sp21_(Kagle)/10%3A_Bacterial_Genetics/10.02%3A_Mechanisms_of_Microbial_Genetics/10.2.05%3A_MutationsA mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenot...A mutation is a heritable change in the DNA sequence of an organism. The resulting organism, called a mutant, may have a recognizable change in phenotype compared to the wild type, which is the phenotype most commonly observed in nature. A change in the DNA sequence is conferred to mRNA through transcription, and may lead to an altered amino acid sequence in a protein on translation.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Principles_of_Biology/02%3A_Chapter_2/13%3A_DNA_Replication/13.03%3A_DNA_RepairIn eukaryotes, the mechanism is not very well understood, but it is believed to involve recognition of unsealed nicks in the new strand, as well as a short-term continuing association of some of the r...In eukaryotes, the mechanism is not very well understood, but it is believed to involve recognition of unsealed nicks in the new strand, as well as a short-term continuing association of some of the replication proteins with the new daughter strand after replication has completed. These are not repaired because of a defect in the nucleotide excision repair enzymes, whereas in normal individuals, the thymine dimers are excised and the defect is corrected.
