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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/Bio_11A_-_Introduction_to_Biology_I/06%3A_Macromolecules-_Nucleic_Acids_and_Proteins/6.02%3A_Nucleic_AcidsNucleic acids are the most important macromolecules for the continuity of life. They carry the genetic blueprint of a cell and carry instructions for the functioning of the cell.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/Bio_11A_-_Introduction_to_Biology_I/08%3A_Coordinating_Cell_Activites/8.01%3A_IntroductionFigure \PageIndex1: a) diagram of a single goblet cell, showing key components of the endomembrane systems used to synthesize and package the protein, mucin. The endomembrane system is a group o...Figure \PageIndex1: a) diagram of a single goblet cell, showing key components of the endomembrane systems used to synthesize and package the protein, mucin. The endomembrane system is a group of structures in cells that work together to make and transport important substances like proteins and lipids. These vesicles travel to the surface of the goblet cell and release the mucus when needed.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/Bio_11A_-_Introduction_to_Biology_I/05%3A_Macromolecules-_Carbohydrates_and_Lipids/5.03%3A_LipidsLipids include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature. This is because they are hydrocarbons that include mostly nonpolar carbon–carbon or carbon–hydrogen bonds. Non-polar mo...Lipids include a diverse group of compounds that are largely nonpolar in nature. This is because they are hydrocarbons that include mostly nonpolar carbon–carbon or carbon–hydrogen bonds. Non-polar molecules are hydrophobic (“water fearing”), or insoluble in water. Lipids perform many different functions in a cell. Cells store energy for long-term use in the form of fats. Lipids also provide insulation from the environment for plants and animals.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/Bio_11A_-_Introduction_to_Biology_I/04%3A_Carbon/4.02%3A_CarbonCells are made of many complex molecules called macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), carbohydrates, and lipids. The macromolecules are a subset of organic molecules (any carb...Cells are made of many complex molecules called macromolecules, such as proteins, nucleic acids (RNA and DNA), carbohydrates, and lipids. The macromolecules are a subset of organic molecules (any carbon-containing liquid, solid, or gas) that are especially important for life. The fundamental component for all of these macromolecules is carbon.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/Bio_11A_-_Introduction_to_Biology_I/03%3A_Water/3.03%3A_Buffers_pH_Acids_and_BasesTherefore, the more hydrogen ions present, the lower the pH; conversely, the fewer hydrogen ions, the higher the pH. A change of one unit on the pH scale represents a change in the concentration of hy...Therefore, the more hydrogen ions present, the lower the pH; conversely, the fewer hydrogen ions, the higher the pH. A change of one unit on the pH scale represents a change in the concentration of hydrogen ions by a factor of 10, a change in two units represents a change in the concentration of hydrogen ions by a factor of 100. If the pH of the body is outside of this range, the respiratory system malfunctions, as do other organs in the body.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/Bio_11A_-_Introduction_to_Biology_I/04%3A_Carbon/4.03%3A_Synthesis_of_Biological_MacromoleculesBiological macromolecules are large molecules, necessary for life, that are built from smaller organic molecules. There are four major classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, prot...Biological macromolecules are large molecules, necessary for life, that are built from smaller organic molecules. There are four major classes of biological macromolecules (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids); each is an important cell component and performs a wide array of functions. Combined, these molecules make up the majority of a cell’s dry mass (recall that water makes up the majority of its complete mass).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/Bio_11A_-_Introduction_to_Biology_I/06%3A_Macromolecules-_Nucleic_Acids_and_Proteins/6.01%3A_Introduction_to_Nucleic_Acids_and_ProteinsAs you learn about nucleic acids and proteins, keep in mind that we will revisit these macromolecules in later topics. Understanding their chemical structures and properties is essential to understand...As you learn about nucleic acids and proteins, keep in mind that we will revisit these macromolecules in later topics. Understanding their chemical structures and properties is essential to understanding how they are made and used by the cell.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/Bio_11A_-_Introduction_to_Biology_I/22%3A_Regulation_of_Gene_Expression_-_Prokaryotes/22.03%3A_Prokaryotic_Gene_RegulationThe DNA of prokaryotes is organized into a circular chromosome supercoiled in the nucleoid region of the cell cytoplasm. Proteins that are needed for a specific function, or that are involved in the s...The DNA of prokaryotes is organized into a circular chromosome supercoiled in the nucleoid region of the cell cytoplasm. Proteins that are needed for a specific function, or that are involved in the same biochemical pathway, are encoded together in blocks called operons. For example, all of the genes needed to use lactose as an energy source are coded next to each other in the lactose (or lac) operon.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/Bio_11A_-_Introduction_to_Biology_I/05%3A_Macromolecules-_Carbohydrates_and_Lipids/5.01%3A_Introduction_to_Carbohydrate_and_LipidsFood provides the body with the nutrients it needs to survive. Many of these critical nutrients are biological macromolecules, or large molecules, necessary for life. These macromolecules (polymers) a...Food provides the body with the nutrients it needs to survive. Many of these critical nutrients are biological macromolecules, or large molecules, necessary for life. These macromolecules (polymers) are built from different combinations of smaller organic molecules (monomers). What specific types of biological macromolecules do living things require? How are these molecules formed? What functions do they serve? In this chapter, these questions will be explored.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/Bio_11A_-_Introduction_to_Biology_I/07%3A_Cell_Structure_and_Function/7.01%3A_IntroductionCells are the fundamental building blocks of life, serving as the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/Bio_11A_-_Introduction_to_Biology_I/06%3A_Macromolecules-_Nucleic_Acids_and_Proteins/6.03%3A_ProteinsProteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. Proteins may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or pr...Proteins are one of the most abundant organic molecules in living systems and have the most diverse range of functions of all macromolecules. Proteins may be structural, regulatory, contractile, or protective; they may serve in transport, storage, or membranes; or they may be toxins or enzymes. Each cell in a living system may contain thousands of proteins, each with a unique function. Their structures, like their functions, vary greatly.
