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- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Thompson_Rivers_University/Principles_of_Biology_II_OL_ed/03%3A_Systematics_Phylogeny_and_Biological_Diversity/3.04%3A_Biological_Diversity/3.4.01%3A_Acellular_Entities_-_Viruses_Prions_and_ViroidsViruses are acellular, parasitic entities that are not classified within any kingdom. Viruses are not cells and cannot divide. They infect a host cell and use the host’s replication processes to produ...Viruses are acellular, parasitic entities that are not classified within any kingdom. Viruses are not cells and cannot divide. They infect a host cell and use the host’s replication processes to produce identical progeny virus particles. Viruses infect organisms as diverse as bacteria, plants, and animals and exist in a netherworld between a living organism and a nonliving entity. Living things grow, metabolize, and reproduce.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Workbench/General_Biology_I_and_II/02%3A_Unit_II-_The_Cell/2.06%3A_Cell_Communication/2.6.04%3A_Response_to_the_SignalInside the cell, ligands bind to their internal receptors, allowing them to directly affect the cell’s DNA and protein-producing machinery. Using signal transduction pathways, receptors in the plasma ...Inside the cell, ligands bind to their internal receptors, allowing them to directly affect the cell’s DNA and protein-producing machinery. Using signal transduction pathways, receptors in the plasma membrane produce a variety of effects on the cell. The results of signaling pathways are extremely varied and depend on the type of cell involved as well as the external and internal conditions. A small sampling of responses is described below.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/General_Biology_(Boundless)/09%3A_Cell_Communication/9.11%3A_Response_to_the_Cellular_Signal_-_Cell_Signaling_and_Cell_DeathWhen a cell is damaged, unnecessary, or dangerous to an organism, a cell can initiate the mechanism for cell death known as apoptosis.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/City_College_of_San_Francisco/Introduction_to_Genetics/13%3A_Cancer_Genetics/13.03%3A_Hallmarks_of_CancerThis page outlines six hallmarks of cancer: growth signal autonomy, insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals, evasion of apoptosis, unlimited reproductive potential, sustained angiogenesis, invasion...This page outlines six hallmarks of cancer: growth signal autonomy, insensitivity to growth inhibitory signals, evasion of apoptosis, unlimited reproductive potential, sustained angiogenesis, invasion and metastasis, deregulated metabolism, immune evasion, chromosomal instability, and inflammation. These traits explain how cancer cells proliferate uncontrollably and evade normal biological processes that would typically suppress their growth.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/03%3A_The_Cellular_Basis_of_LifeThis page offers a detailed overview of cell structures and functions, comparing animal and plant cells. It covers key components such as the plasma membrane, nucleus, and organelles involved in prote...This page offers a detailed overview of cell structures and functions, comparing animal and plant cells. It covers key components such as the plasma membrane, nucleus, and organelles involved in protein synthesis, as well as the cytoskeleton and various tissue types. The text also addresses cell junctions, apoptosis, chloroplasts, types of chlorophyll, and cellular transport mechanisms like diffusion, endocytosis, and exocytosis.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/12%3A_Cancer/12.05%3A_BCL-2This page discusses BCL-2, a proto-oncogene on chromosome 18 involved in cancer by inhibiting apoptosis in B-cells. Its translocation with chromosome 14 (t(14;18)) results in Bcl-2 overexpression, aid...This page discusses BCL-2, a proto-oncogene on chromosome 18 involved in cancer by inhibiting apoptosis in B-cells. Its translocation with chromosome 14 (t(14;18)) results in Bcl-2 overexpression, aiding evasion of programmed cell death, thus promoting cancer. However, this translocation alone does not guarantee cancer, as many carriers remain healthy; other mutations, such as c-myc translocation, also play a role in B-cell malignancies.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/Unit_IV_-_Special_Topics/32%3A_Biochemistry_and_Climate_Change/32.13%3A_Biochemistry_Climate_Change_and_Human_HealthThe page discusses the biochemical impacts of climate change on human health, focusing on various areas like heat stress, infectious diseases, and air quality. It outlines learning goals for biochemis...The page discusses the biochemical impacts of climate change on human health, focusing on various areas like heat stress, infectious diseases, and air quality. It outlines learning goals for biochemistry majors, emphasizing the importance of understanding how rising temperatures and environmental shifts alter biochemical processes, influence disease dynamics, and affect nutrient quality.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Biochemistry/Fundamentals_of_Biochemistry_(Jakubowski_and_Flatt)/Unit_IV_-_Special_Topics/28%3A_Biosignaling_-_Capstone_Volume_I/28.14%3A_Programmed_Cell_DeathThe page provides an in-depth exploration of programmed cell death, focusing particularly on apoptosis, its mechanisms, and its significance in health and disease. It distinguishes apoptosis from othe...The page provides an in-depth exploration of programmed cell death, focusing particularly on apoptosis, its mechanisms, and its significance in health and disease. It distinguishes apoptosis from other cell death types such as autophagy and necroptosis, outlining apoptosis's intrinsic and extrinsic pathways, including involved proteins like caspases and Bcl-2 family.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Hanover_College/Comparative_Anatomy_and_Physiology_of_Animals/12%3A_Review_Topics/12.04%3A_Cell_Communication/12.4.04%3A_Response_to_the_SignalInside the cell, ligands bind to their internal receptors, allowing them to directly affect the cell’s DNA and protein-producing machinery. Using signal transduction pathways, receptors in the plasma ...Inside the cell, ligands bind to their internal receptors, allowing them to directly affect the cell’s DNA and protein-producing machinery. Using signal transduction pathways, receptors in the plasma membrane produce a variety of effects on the cell. The results of signaling pathways are extremely varied and depend on the type of cell involved as well as the external and internal conditions. A small sampling of responses is described below.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Ouachita_Baptist_University/Reyna_Cell_Biology/09%3A_(T3)_Cell_Cycle/9.07%3A_Cell_DeathA cell may die either intentionally (usually referred to as apoptosis or programmed cell death, though also once known also as “cellular suicide”), or unintentionally (necrosis). The microscopic obser...A cell may die either intentionally (usually referred to as apoptosis or programmed cell death, though also once known also as “cellular suicide”), or unintentionally (necrosis). The microscopic observation of these two processes shows strikingly different mechanisms at work. In apoptosis, the cell begins to shrink and lose shape as the cytoskeleton is degraded, then the organelles appear to pack together, except for the nucleus.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Introductory_and_General_Biology/Biology_(Kimball)/19%3A_The_Diversity_of_Life/19.01%3A_Eukaryotic_Life/19.1.12%3A_Caenorhabditis_ElegansThis page discusses Caenorhabditis elegans, a transparent nematode widely used in biological research due to its rapid reproduction and observable cell development. It has a genome of approximately 20...This page discusses Caenorhabditis elegans, a transparent nematode widely used in biological research due to its rapid reproduction and observable cell development. It has a genome of approximately 20,000 protein-coding genes and a structured developmental process, where each of its 556 embryonic cells follows a specific lineage, including a predictable apoptosis of 131 cells.
