8.9: Glossary- The Integumentary System
- Page ID
- 34448
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)acne: skin condition due to infected sebaceous glands
albinism: genetic disorder that affects the skin, in which there is no melanin production
anagen: active phase of the hair growth cycle
apocrine sweat gland: type of sweat gland that is associated with hair follicles in the armpits and genital regions
arrector pili: smooth muscle that is activated in response to external stimuli that pull on hair follicles and make the hair “stand up”
basal cell carcinoma: cancer that originates from basal cells in the epidermis of the skin
basal cell: type of stem cell found in the stratum basale and in the hair matrix that continually undergoes cell division, producing the keratinocytes of the epidermis
bedsore: sore on the skin that develops when regions of the body start necrotizing due to constant pressure and lack of blood supply; also called decubitis ulcers
callus: thickened area of skin that arises due to constant abrasion
catagen: transitional phase marking the end of the anagen phase of the hair growth cycle
corn: type of callus that is named for its shape and the elliptical motion of the abrasive force
cortex: in hair, the second or middle layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix, as seen in a cross-section of the hair bulb
cuticle: in hair, the outermost layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix, as seen in a cross-section of the hair bulb
dermal papilla: (plural = dermal papillae) extension of the papillary layer of the dermis that increases surface contact between the epidermis and dermis
dermis: layer of skin between the epidermis and hypodermis, composed mainly of connective tissue and containing blood vessels, hair follicles, sweat glands, and other structures
desmosome: structure that forms an impermeable junction between cells
eccrine sweat gland: type of sweat gland that is common throughout the skin surface; it produces a hypotonic sweat for thermoregulation
eczema: skin condition due to an allergic reaction, which resembles a rash
elastin fibers: fibers made of the protein elastin that increase the elasticity of the dermis
eleiden: clear protein-bound lipid found in the stratum lucidum that is derived from keratohyalin and helps to prevent water loss
epidermis: outermost tissue layer of the skin
eponychium: nail fold that meets the proximal end of the nail body, also called the cuticle
external root sheath: outer layer of the hair follicle that is an extension of the epidermis, which encloses the hair root
first-degree burn: superficial burn that injures only the epidermis
fourth-degree burn: burn in which full thickness of the skin and underlying muscle and bone is damaged
glassy membrane: layer of connective tissue that surrounds the base of the hair follicle, connecting it to the dermis
hair bulb: structure at the base of the hair root that surrounds the dermal papilla
hair follicle: cavity or sac from which hair originates
hair matrix: layer of basal cells from which a strand of hair grows
hair papilla: mass of connective tissue, blood capillaries, and nerve endings at the base of the hair follicle
hair root: part of hair that is below the epidermis anchored to the follicle
hair shaft: part of hair that is above the epidermis but is not anchored to the follicle
hair: keratinous filament growing out of the epidermis
hypodermis: connective tissue connecting the integument to the underlying bone and muscle
hyponychium: thickened layer of stratum corneum that lies below the free edge of the nail
integumentary system: skin and its accessory structures
internal root sheath: innermost layer of keratinocytes in the hair follicle that surround the hair root up to the hair shaft
keloid: type of scar that has layers raised above the skin surface
keratin: type of structural protein that gives skin, hair, and nails its hard, water-resistant properties
keratinocyte: cell that produces keratin and is the most predominant type of cell found in the epidermis
keratohyalin: granulated protein found in the stratum granulosum
Langerhans cell: specialized dendritic cell found in the stratum spinosum that functions as a macrophage
lunula: basal part of the nail body that consists of a crescent-shaped layer of thick epithelium
Meissner corpuscle: (also, tactile corpuscle) receptor in the skin that responds to light touch
Merkel cell: receptor cell in the stratum basale of the epidermis that responds to the sense of touch
medulla: in hair, the innermost layer of keratinocytes originating from the hair matrix
melanin: pigment that determines the color of hair and skin
melanocyte: cell found in the stratum basale of the epidermis that produces the pigment melanin
melanoma: type of skin cancer that originates from the melanocytes of the skin
melanosome: intercellular vesicle that transfers melanin from melanocytes into keratinocytes of the epidermis
metastasis: spread of cancer cells from a source to other parts of the body
nail bed: layer of epidermis upon which the nail body forms
nail body: main keratinous plate that forms the nail
nail cuticle: fold of epithelium that extends over the nail bed, also called the eponychium
nail fold: fold of epithelium at that extend over the sides of the nail body, holding it in place
nail root: part of the nail that is lodged deep in the epidermis from which the nail grows
Pacinian corpuscle: (also, lamellated corpuscle) receptor in the skin that responds to vibration
papillary layer: superficial layer of the dermis, made of loose, areolar connective tissue
reticular layer: deeper layer of the dermis; it has a reticulated appearance due to the presence of abundant collagen and elastin fibers
rickets: disease in children caused by vitamin D deficiency, which leads to the weakening of bones
scar: collagen-rich skin formed after the process of wound healing that is different from normal skin
sebaceous gland: type of oil gland found in the dermis all over the body and helps to lubricate and waterproof the skin and hair by secreting sebum
sebum: oily substance that is composed of a mixture of lipids that lubricates the skin and hair
second-degree burn: partial-thickness burn that injures the epidermis and a portion of the dermis
squamous cell carcinoma: type of skin cancer that originates from the stratum spinosum of the epidermis
stratum basale: deepest layer of the epidermis, made of epidermal stem cells
stratum corneum: most superficial layer of the epidermis
stratum granulosum: layer of the epidermis superficial to the stratum spinosum
stratum lucidum: layer of the epidermis between the stratum granulosum and stratum corneum, found only in thick skin covering the palms, soles of the feet, and digits
stratum spinosum: layer of the epidermis superficial to the stratum basale, characterized by the presence of desmosomes
stretch mark: mark formed on the skin due to a sudden growth spurt and expansion of the dermis beyond its elastic limits
sudoriferous gland: sweat gland
telogen: resting phase of the hair growth cycle initiated with catagen and terminated by the beginning of a new anagen phase of hair growth
third-degree burn: burn that penetrates and destroys the full thickness of the skin (epidermis and dermis)
vitamin D: compound that aids absorption of calcium and phosphates in the intestine to improve bone health
vitiligo: skin condition in which melanocytes in certain areas lose the ability to produce melanin, possibly due an autoimmune reaction that leads to loss of color in patches
Contributors and Attributions
- Anatomy & Physiology. Authored by: OpenStax College. Provided by: Rice University. Located at: http://cnx.org/contents/14fb4ad7-39a1-4eee-ab6e-3ef2482e3e22@9.1. License: CC BY: Attribution. License Terms: Download for free at http://cnx.org/contents/14fb4ad7-39a...f2482e3e22@9.1