17.E: Endocrine, Musculoskeletal and Nervous Systems (Exercises)
- Page ID
- 122838
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17.1: Endocrine System
Review Questions
Most of the hormones produced by the anterior pituitary perform what function?
A. regulate growth
B. regulate the sleep cycle
C. regulate production of other hormones
D. regulate blood volume and blood pressure
- Answer
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C
What is the function of the hormone erythropoietin?
A. stimulates production of red blood cells
B. stimulates muscle growth
C. causes the fight-or-flight response
D. causes testosterone production
- Answer
-
A
Which endocrine glands are associated with the kidneys?
A. thyroid glands
B. pituitary glands
C. adrenal glands
D. gonads
- Answer
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C
Free Response
What is a similarity and a difference between an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland?
- Answer
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The cells of both exocrine and endocrine glands produce a product that will be secreted by the gland. An exocrine gland has a duct and secretes its product to the outside of the gland, not into the bloodstream. An endocrine gland secretes its product into the bloodstream and does not use a duct.
Describe how hormone receptors can play a role in affecting the size of the responses of tissues to hormones.
- Answer
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The number of receptors that respond to a hormone can change, resulting in increased or decreased cell sensitivity. The number of receptors can increase in response to rising hormone levels, called up-regulation, making the cell more sensitive to the hormone and allowing for more cellular activity. The number of receptors can also decrease in response to rising hormone levels, called down-regulation, leading to reduced cellular activity.
Many hormone systems regulate body functions through opposing hormone actions. Describe how opposing hormone actions regulate blood-glucose levels?
- Answer
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Blood-glucose levels are regulated by hormones produced by the pancreas: insulin and glucagon. When blood-glucose levels are increasing, the pancreas releases insulin, which stimulates uptake of glucose by cells. When blood-glucose levels are decreasing, the pancreas releases glucagon, which stimulates the release of stored glucose by the liver to the bloodstream.
17.2: Musculoskeletal System
Review Questions
Among other bones, the axial skeleton includes the ________.
A. thoracic cage and vertebral column
B. thoracic cage and pectoral girdle
C. skull and pelvic girdle
D. pectoral and pelvic girdles
- Answer
-
A
The pectoral girdle supports the ________.
A. arms
B. legs
C. skull
D. thoracic cage
- Answer
-
A
Which component is responsible for initially stimulating a muscle contraction?
A. proteins
B. electrochemical signals
C. plasma membranes
D. striations
- Answer
-
B
What kind of muscle tissue is found surrounding the urinary bladder?
A. cardiac
B. skeletal
C. striated
D. smooth
- Answer
-
D
Free Response
What movements occur at the hip joint and knees as you bend down to pick something up?
- Answer
-
The hip joint is flexed and the knees are extended.
17.3: Nervous System
Review Questions
Neurons contain _________, which can receive signals from other neurons.
- axons
- mitochondria
- dendrites
- Golgi bodies
- Answer
-
C
The part of the brain that is responsible for coordination during movement is the ______.
- limbic system
- thalamus
- cerebellum
- parietal lobe
- Answer
-
C
Which part of the nervous system directly controls the digestive system?
- parasympathetic nervous system
- central nervous system
- spinal cord
- sensory-somatic nervous system
- Answer
-
A
Free Response
How are neurons similar to other cells? How are they unique?
- Answer
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Neurons contain organelles common to all cells, such as a nucleus and mitochondria. They are unique because they contain dendrites, which can receive signals from other neurons, and axons that can send these signals to other cells.
What are the main functions of the spinal cord?
- Answer
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The spinal cord transmits sensory information from the body to the brain and motor commands from the brain to the body through its connections with peripheral nerves. It also controls motor reflexes.
What are the main differences between the sympathetic and parasympathetic branches of the autonomic nervous system?
- Answer
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The sympathetic nervous system prepares the body for “fight or flight,” whereas the parasympathetic nervous system allows the body to “rest and digest.” Sympathetic neurons release norepinephrine onto target organs; parasympathetic neurons release acetylcholine. Sympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in sympathetic ganglia. Parasympathetic neuron cell bodies are located in the brainstem and sacral spinal cord. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system increases heart rate and blood pressure and decreases digestion and blood flow to the skin. Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system decreases heart rate and blood pressure and increases digestion and blood flow to the skin.
What are the main functions of the sensory-somatic nervous system?
- Answer
-
The sensory-somatic nervous system transmits sensory information from the skin, muscles, and sensory organs to the CNS. It also sends motor commands from the CNS to the muscles, causing them to contract.