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22.E: Adaptive Immunity I (Exercises)

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    144226
    • Ying Liu, Serena Chang, Grace Murphy, Esther Ajayi-Akinsulire, Isobel Ardren, Izabella Guy, Kai Johnston, Saskia Lee, and Lauren Russell
    • City College of San Francisco

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    22.1: Architecture of the Immune System

    Adaptive immunity is defined by two important characteristics: specificity and memory. Specificity refers to the adaptive immune system’s ability to target specific pathogens, and memory refers to its ability to quickly respond to pathogens to which it has previously been exposed. For example, when an individual recovers from chickenpox, the body develops a memory of the infection that will specifically protect it from the causative agent if it is exposed to the virus again later.

    Multiple Choice

    Antibodies are produced by ________.

    1. plasma cells
    2. T cells
    3. bone marrow
    4. B cells
    Answer

    A

    Cellular adaptive immunity is carried out by ________.

    1. B cells
    2. T cells
    3. bone marrow
    4. neutrophils
    Answer

    B

    A single antigen molecule may be composed of many individual ________.

    1. T-cell receptors
    2. B-cell receptors
    3. MHC II
    4. epitopes
    Answer

    D

    Which class of molecules is the most antigenic?

    1. polysaccharides
    2. lipids
    3. proteins
    4. carbohydrates
    Answer

    C

    Matching

    Match the antibody class with its description.

    ___IgA A. This class of antibody is the only one that can cross the placenta.
    ___IgD B. This class of antibody is the first to appear after activation of B cells.
    ___IgE C. This class of antibody is involved in the defense against parasitic infections and involved in allergic responses.
    ___IgG D. This class of antibody is found in very large amounts in mucus secretions.
    ___IgM E. This class of antibody is not secreted by B cells but is expressed on the surface of naïve B cells.
    Answer

    d, e, c, a, b

    Fill in the Blank

    There are two critically important aspects of adaptive immunity. The first is specificity, while the second is ________.

    Answer

    memory

    ________ immunity involves the production of antibody molecules that bind to specific antigens.

    Answer

    Humoral

    The heavy chains of an antibody molecule contain ________ region segments, which help to determine its class or isotype.

    Answer

    constant

    The variable regions of the heavy and light chains form the ________ sites of an antibody.

    Answer

    antigen-binding

    Short Answer

    What is the difference between humoral and cellular adaptive immunity?

    What is the difference between an antigen and a hapten?

    Describe the mechanism of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity.

    22.2: Antigens, Antigen Presenting Cells, and Major Histocompatibility Complexes

    Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules are expressed on the surface of healthy cells, identifying them as normal and “self” to natural killer (NK) cells. MHC molecules also play an important role in the presentation of foreign antigens, which is a critical step in the activation of T cells and thus an important mechanism of the adaptive immune system.

    Multiple Choice

    MHC I molecules present

    1. processed foreign antigens from proteasomes.
    2. processed self-antigens from phagolysosome.
    3. antibodies.
    4. T cell antigens.
    Answer

    A

    MHC II molecules present

    1. processed self-antigens from proteasomes.
    2. processed foreign antigens from phagolysosomes.
    3. antibodies.
    4. T cell receptors.
    Answer

    B

    Which type of antigen-presenting molecule is found on all nucleated cells?

    1. MHC II
    2. MHC I
    3. antibodies
    4. B-cell receptors
    Answer

    B

    Which type of antigen-presenting molecule is found only on macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells?

    1. MHC I
    2. MHC II
    3. T-cell receptors
    4. B-cell receptors
    Answer

    B

    Fill in the Blank

    MHC molecules are used for antigen ________ to T cells.

    Answer

    presentation

    MHC II molecules are made up of two subunits (α and β) of approximately equal size, whereas MHC I molecules consist of a larger α subunit and a smaller subunit called ________.

    Answer

    β2 microglobulin

    Critical Thinking

    Which mechanism of antigen presentation would be used to present antigens from a cell infected with a virus?

    Which pathway of antigen presentation would be used to present antigens from an extracellular bacterial infection?

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