13.2A: Inhibiting Cell Wall Synthesis
- Describe the two types of antimicrobial drugs that inhibit cell wall synthesis: beta-lactam and glycopeptide antibiotics
Two types of antimicrobial drugs work by inhibiting or interfering with cell wall synthesis of the target bacteria. Antibiotics commonly target bacterial cell wall formation (of which peptidoglycan is an important component) because animal cells do not have cell walls. The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, being the outermost and primary component of the wall.
The first class of antimicrobial drugs that interfere with cell wall synthesis are the β-Lactam antibiotics (beta-lactam antibiotics), consisting of all antibiotic agents that contains a β-lactam nucleus in their molecular structures. This includes penicillin derivatives (penams), cephalosporins (cephems), monobactams, and carbapenems. β-Lactam antibiotics are bacteriocidal and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls. The final step in the synthesis of the peptidoglycan is facilitated by penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs). PBPs vary in their affinity for binding penicillin or other β-lactam antibiotics.
Bacteria often develop resistance to β-lactam antibiotics by synthesizing a β-lactamase, an enzyme that attacks the β-lactam ring. To overcome this resistance, β-lactam antibiotics are often given with β-lactamase inhibitors such as clavulanic acid.
The second class of antimicrobial drugs that interfere with cell wall synthesis are the glycopeptide antibiotics, which are composed of glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic nonribosomal peptides. Significant glycopeptide antibiotics include vancomycin, teicoplanin, telavancin, bleomycin, ramoplanin, and decaplanin. This class of drugs inhibit the synthesis of cell walls in susceptible microbes by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis. They bind to the amino acids within the cell wall preventing the addition of new units to the peptidoglycan.
Key Points
- The peptidoglycan layer is important for cell wall structural integrity, being the outermost and primary component of the wall.
- β-Lactam antibiotics are a broad class of antibiotics that includes penicillin derivatives (penams), cephalosporins (cephems), monobactams, and carbapenems.
- β-Lactam antibiotics are bacteriocidal and act by inhibiting the synthesis of the peptidoglycan layer of bacterial cell walls.
- Glycopeptide antibiotics include vancomycin, teicoplanin, telavancin, bleomycin, ramoplanin, and decaplanin.
- Glycopeptide antibiotics inhibit the synthesis of cell walls in susceptible microbes by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis.
Key Terms
- beta-lactam antibiotic : A broad class of antibiotics that inhibit cell wall synthesis, consisting of all antibiotic agents that contains a β-lactam nucleus in their molecular structures. This includes penicillin derivatives (penams), cephalosporins (cephems), monobactams, and carbapenems.
- Glycopeptide antibiotic : Glycopeptide antibiotics are composed of glycosylated cyclic or polycyclic nonribosomal peptides. Significant glycopeptide antibiotics include vancomycin, teicoplanin, telavancin, bleomycin, ramoplanin, and decaplanin. This class of drugs inhibit the synthesis of cell walls in susceptible microbes by inhibiting peptidoglycan synthesis.
- peptidoglycan : A polymer of glycan and peptides found in bacterial cell walls.