2: Basic Cell Chemistry - Chemical Compounds and their Interactions
- Page ID
- 16099
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\(\newcommand{\avec}{\mathbf a}\) \(\newcommand{\bvec}{\mathbf b}\) \(\newcommand{\cvec}{\mathbf c}\) \(\newcommand{\dvec}{\mathbf d}\) \(\newcommand{\dtil}{\widetilde{\mathbf d}}\) \(\newcommand{\evec}{\mathbf e}\) \(\newcommand{\fvec}{\mathbf f}\) \(\newcommand{\nvec}{\mathbf n}\) \(\newcommand{\pvec}{\mathbf p}\) \(\newcommand{\qvec}{\mathbf q}\) \(\newcommand{\svec}{\mathbf s}\) \(\newcommand{\tvec}{\mathbf t}\) \(\newcommand{\uvec}{\mathbf u}\) \(\newcommand{\vvec}{\mathbf v}\) \(\newcommand{\wvec}{\mathbf w}\) \(\newcommand{\xvec}{\mathbf x}\) \(\newcommand{\yvec}{\mathbf y}\) \(\newcommand{\zvec}{\mathbf z}\) \(\newcommand{\rvec}{\mathbf r}\) \(\newcommand{\mvec}{\mathbf m}\) \(\newcommand{\zerovec}{\mathbf 0}\) \(\newcommand{\onevec}{\mathbf 1}\) \(\newcommand{\real}{\mathbb R}\) \(\newcommand{\twovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\ctwovec}[2]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\threevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cthreevec}[3]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfourvec}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\fivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{r}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\cfivevec}[5]{\left[\begin{array}{c}#1 \\ #2 \\ #3 \\ #4 \\ #5 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\mattwo}[4]{\left[\begin{array}{rr}#1 \amp #2 \\ #3 \amp #4 \\ \end{array}\right]}\) \(\newcommand{\laspan}[1]{\text{Span}\{#1\}}\) \(\newcommand{\bcal}{\cal B}\) \(\newcommand{\ccal}{\cal C}\) \(\newcommand{\scal}{\cal S}\) \(\newcommand{\wcal}{\cal W}\) \(\newcommand{\ecal}{\cal E}\) \(\newcommand{\coords}[2]{\left\{#1\right\}_{#2}}\) \(\newcommand{\gray}[1]{\color{gray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\lgray}[1]{\color{lightgray}{#1}}\) \(\newcommand{\rank}{\operatorname{rank}}\) \(\newcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\col}{\text{Col}}\) \(\renewcommand{\row}{\text{Row}}\) \(\newcommand{\nul}{\text{Nul}}\) \(\newcommand{\var}{\text{Var}}\) \(\newcommand{\corr}{\text{corr}}\) \(\newcommand{\len}[1]{\left|#1\right|}\) \(\newcommand{\bbar}{\overline{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bhat}{\widehat{\bvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\bperp}{\bvec^\perp}\) \(\newcommand{\xhat}{\widehat{\xvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\vhat}{\widehat{\vvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\uhat}{\widehat{\uvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\what}{\widehat{\wvec}}\) \(\newcommand{\Sighat}{\widehat{\Sigma}}\) \(\newcommand{\lt}{<}\) \(\newcommand{\gt}{>}\) \(\newcommand{\amp}{&}\) \(\definecolor{fillinmathshade}{gray}{0.9}\)- 2.1: Water
- This page highlights the significance of water, a polar molecule essential for life due to its unique properties arising from strong covalent and hydrogen bonds. It discusses how water's specific heat, density, and solvent capabilities influence biological functions and thermoregulation.
- 2.2: Acids and Bases
- This page discusses the equilibrium of water with its ionized forms, H+ and OH—, and the formation of hydronium ions (H3O+). It highlights the role of compounds in aqueous solutions as acids or bases that influence H+ or OH— concentrations, measured by pH. An example is provided with Coca-Cola® having a pH of around 3, emphasizing its higher H+ concentration.
- 2.3: Carbon
- This page explains the importance of carbon in living organisms, highlighting its ability to form four covalent bonds that create diverse macromolecule structures. It details the role of carbon chains as backbones for complex molecules, along with various functional groups that can attach. Additionally, it identifies the four major classes of biological molecules influenced by carbon: sugars, nucleotides, amino acids, and fatty acids.
- 2.4: Sugars
- This page discusses the significance of sugars, particularly glucose, as key energy sources for cells. It highlights their structural variability, including isomers and stereoisomers, and classifies them as aldoses or ketoses based on carbonyl position.
- 2.5: Nucleotides
- This page describes the structure and function of nucleotides, the building blocks of RNA and DNA, highlighting the differences between ribose and deoxyribose sugars. It explains the classification of nitrogenous bases into purines and pyrimidines, along with their pairing rules (A-T/U and G-C) essential for DNA stability and RNA's function.
- 2.6: Amino Acids
- This page discusses the essential roles of proteins in cells, highlighting their structural and mechanical functions. It explains how the electrical charges of amino acids, which comprise proteins, influence their interactions. The page outlines the types of amino acids and their properties, the formation of peptide bonds, and the various protein structures: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.
- 2.7: Fatty Acids
- This page discusses the structure and function of fatty acids, emphasizing their role in forming triglycerides and phospholipids, which are essential for energy storage and cellular membranes, respectively. It further explores the differences between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and mentions sphingolipids, which contribute to membrane structure and recognition.
Thumbnail: Oleic acid is a fatty acid that occurs naturally in various animal and vegetable fats and oils. I can have several conformer including cis and trans forms (Publci Domain; Benjah-bmm27 via Wikipedia)