Search
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology/Book%3A_Cells_-_Molecules_and_Mechanisms_(Wong)/07%3A_DNADNA: the stuff of life. Well, not really, despite the hype. DNA does contain the instructions to make a lot of the stuff of life (proteins), although again, not all the stuff of life. At least not dir...DNA: the stuff of life. Well, not really, despite the hype. DNA does contain the instructions to make a lot of the stuff of life (proteins), although again, not all the stuff of life. At least not directly. Deoxyribonucleic acid (and its very close cousin ribonucleic acid, or RNA) is a very long chain polymer. You may recall that a polymer is just a really big molecule made by connecting many small similar molecules together).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Ouachita_Baptist_University/Reyna_Cell_Biology/01%3A_(T1)_Basic_Cell_Chemistry_-_Chemical_Compounds_and_their_Interactions/1.07%3A_Fatty_AcidsUnlike monosaccharides, nucleotides, and amino acids, fatty acids are not monomers that are linked together to form much larger molecules. Although fatty acids can be linked together, for example, int...Unlike monosaccharides, nucleotides, and amino acids, fatty acids are not monomers that are linked together to form much larger molecules. Although fatty acids can be linked together, for example, into triacylglycerols or phospholipids, they are not linked directly to one another, and generally no more than three in a given molecule. The fatty acids themselves are long chains of carbon atoms topped off with a carboxyl group. The length of the chain vary, but most are between 14 and 20 carbons.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Cell_and_Molecular_Biology/Book%3A_Cells_-_Molecules_and_Mechanisms_(Wong)/14%3A_Signal_TransductionMetazoan organisms are not just conglomerations of cells that happen to stick together. The cells each have specific functions that must be coordinated with one another in order to assure the survival...Metazoan organisms are not just conglomerations of cells that happen to stick together. The cells each have specific functions that must be coordinated with one another in order to assure the survival of the organism and thus the shared survival of the component cells. If coordination is required, then a method of communication between cells is also required.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/Book-_Cells_-_Molecules_and_Mechanisms_(Wong)/08%3A_Metabolism_II__Anabolic_Reactions/8.09%3A_Fatty_Acid_SynthesisThe fatty acid synthase system is comprised of seven enzymes linked together with an acyl carrier protein (ACP). As mentioned, this complex is found in the cytoplasm, so its substrates must be as well...The fatty acid synthase system is comprised of seven enzymes linked together with an acyl carrier protein (ACP). As mentioned, this complex is found in the cytoplasm, so its substrates must be as well. The acetyl-CoA in the cytoplasm is primarily derived from the mitochondrial acetyl-CoA via a citrate-malate shuttle that couples deacetylation in the mitochondrion with acetylation in the cytosol.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/Book-_Cells_-_Molecules_and_Mechanisms_(Wong)/06%3A_Protein_Modification_and_Trafficking/6.04%3A_N-linked_Protein_Glycosylation_Begins_in_the_ERGlycosylation is an important modification to eukaryotic proteins because the added sugar residues are often used as molecular flags or recognition signals to other cells than come in contact with the...Glycosylation is an important modification to eukaryotic proteins because the added sugar residues are often used as molecular flags or recognition signals to other cells than come in contact with them. There are two types of protein glycosylation, both of which require import of the target polypeptide into the ER. N-linked glycosylation actually begins in the endoplasmic reticulum, but O-linked glycosylation does not occur until the polypeptide has been transported into the Golgi apparatus.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/Book-_Cells_-_Molecules_and_Mechanisms_(Wong)/14%3A_Cell_Cycle/14.02%3A_The_Eukaryotic_Cell_CycleMost eukaryotic cells undergo a reproductive cycle to generate either another copy of themselves or to generate gametes (sex cells), and in doing so require a complex mechanism to govern the safe and ...Most eukaryotic cells undergo a reproductive cycle to generate either another copy of themselves or to generate gametes (sex cells), and in doing so require a complex mechanism to govern the safe and accurate replication of their much larger (than prokaryote) genomes. Immediately following mitosis, the newly created cells are in the G1 phase. This is largely a growth phase, during which there is a lot of biosynthesis of proteins, lipids, and carbohydrates.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/Book-_Cells_-_Molecules_and_Mechanisms_(Wong)/09%3A_Signal_Transduction/9.02%3A_Receptors_and_LigandsA protein that happens to bind something is not necessarily a receptor. A receptor is defined as a protein that binds to an extracellular ligand, and then undergoes a con- formational or biochemical s...A protein that happens to bind something is not necessarily a receptor. A receptor is defined as a protein that binds to an extracellular ligand, and then undergoes a con- formational or biochemical shift in such a way that it initiates a chain of intracellular events by which the cell reacts to the extracellular signal. What are these ligands and their receptors?
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/Book-_Cells_-_Molecules_and_Mechanisms_(Wong)/15%3A_Viruses_Cancer_and_the_Immune_System/15.05%3A_Tumor_Suppressor_GenesTumor suppressor genes normally do what would be expected from their name. Whereas the oncogenes mostly drive the cell cycle forward, the tumor suppressor genes’ primary functions are to temporarily s...Tumor suppressor genes normally do what would be expected from their name. Whereas the oncogenes mostly drive the cell cycle forward, the tumor suppressor genes’ primary functions are to temporarily stall the cell cycle so that DNA repair mechanisms can have time to work. However, if repair is unsuccessful after a few attempts, the tumor suppressor gene product may then trigger apoptosis rather than allow a damaged cell to replicate and potentially create another genetically damaged cell.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/Book-_Cells_-_Molecules_and_Mechanisms_(Wong)/11%3A_Gene_RegulationTo define a gene, a stretch of DNA must have a promoter, a start site, and and a stop site. In a prokaryote, these are necessary and often sufficient, but in a eukaryote, they are still necessary, but...To define a gene, a stretch of DNA must have a promoter, a start site, and and a stop site. In a prokaryote, these are necessary and often sufficient, but in a eukaryote, they are still necessary, but seldom sufficient. This chapter discusses the other elements, both positive and negative, that are used to regulate the expression (i.e. transcription) of a gene. It is primarily a story of transcription factors and the recognition elements to which they bind.
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/Book-_Cells_-_Molecules_and_Mechanisms_(Wong)/08%3A_Metabolism_II__Anabolic_Reactions/8.05%3A_The_Calvin_CycleThe dark (carbon fixation) reactions vary depending on the type of plant. The most common set of carbon fixation reactions is found in C3-type plants, which are so named because the major stable inter...The dark (carbon fixation) reactions vary depending on the type of plant. The most common set of carbon fixation reactions is found in C3-type plants, which are so named because the major stable intermediate is the 3-carbon molecule, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate. These reactions, best known as the Calvin cycle, fix CO₂ onto the pentose, ribulose 1,5-bis-phosphate (RuBP).
- https://bio.libretexts.org/Courses/Coastline_College/Book-_Cells_-_Molecules_and_Mechanisms_(Wong)/08%3A_Metabolism_II__Anabolic_Reactions/8.06%3A_The_Pentose_Phosphate_PathwayNADP/NADPH is used in reductive metabolic pathways, whereas NAD⁺/NADH is used in oxidative pathways. With such an important role in biosynthesis, it is no surprise that its production is part of a maj...NADP/NADPH is used in reductive metabolic pathways, whereas NAD⁺/NADH is used in oxidative pathways. With such an important role in biosynthesis, it is no surprise that its production is part of a major metabolic pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, also called the phosphogluconate pathway, and the hexose monophosphate shunt.
